Immunology Chapter 18, Abbas

Front 1

Define sensitization

Back 1

The stimulation of the immune system, producting a detectable and traceable reaction

Front 2

What are the three general causes of hypersensitivities?

Back 2

Autoimmune conditions, reactions against microbes, reactions against environmental agents

Front 3

What is another name for Type I hypersensitivities?

Back 3

Immediate hypersensitivity

Front 4

What is another name for Type II hypersensitivities?

Back 4

Antibody mediated

Front 5

What is another name for Type III hypersensitivities?

Back 5

Immune complex mediated

Front 6

What is another name for Type IV hypersensitivities?

Back 6

Delayed, T cell, cytotoxic

Front 7

Anaphylaxis and allergic reactions are classified as what type of hypersensitivity?

Back 7

Type I

Front 8

Describe the three stages of anaphylaxis.

Back 8

Antigen binds to IgE antibodies that are bound to basophils and mast cells.
Cross-linking occurs, and the cells are stimulated to release granular contents.
Histamine and heparin cause vascular changes and other signs and symptoms associated with anaphylaxis.

Front 9

List four effects of histamine on the body.

Back 9

Bronchial smooth muscle constriction
Edema in trachea and larynx
Stimulation of smooth muscle in GI tract, causing vomiting and diarrhea
Vasodilation

Front 10

What is the common name for urticaria?

Back 10

Hives

Front 11

Define angioedema.

Back 11

Swelling immediately under the skin

Front 12

What are the signs and symptoms of a Type I hypersensitivity?

Back 12

Urticaria
Angioedema
Shock
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Difficulty breathing

Front 13

What was the label used in the RIST method of testing?

Back 13

Radioactive iodine attached to IgE

Front 14

A transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and hemolytic anemias are forms of what type of hypersensitivity?

Back 14

Type II

Front 15

In what ways to antibodies elicit the responses seen in Type II hypersensitivities?

Back 15

Opsonization, activation of complement, neutralization of self-antigen epitopes, and deposition onto tissues and organs

Front 16

What is the initiating factor in an Arthus reaction?

Back 16

Injection of intradermal antigen

Front 17

What happens when immune complexes deposit in the blood vessels?

Back 17

Complement is activated and neutrophils are attracted, damaging the surrounding blood vessel

Front 18

What is the causative agent of serum sickness?

Back 18

Injecting large doses of antigen into blood

Front 19

GVHD, contact dermatitis, and multiple sclerosis are all forms of what type of hypersensitivity?

Back 19

Type IV

Front 20

What is the mediating factor in Type I hypersensitivities?

Back 20

IgE antibodies

Front 21

What is the mediating factor in Type II hypersensitivities?

Back 21

IgG and IgM antibodies

Front 22

What is the mediating factor in Type III hypersensitivities?

Back 22

Immune complexes

Front 23

What is the mediating factor in Type IV hypersensitivities?

Back 23

T cells

Front 24

What is the basic cause for all autoimmune diseases?

Back 24

Breakdown of tolerance for self-antigens

Front 25

List six factors that contribute to a person's susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.

Back 25

Genetics, age, gender, hormones, environmental factors, anatomic alterations

Front 26

List the autoantibodies associated with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE).

Back 26

Anti-DNA, ANA, Anti-Sm

Front 27

What autoantibody is associated with thrombosis?

Back 27

Anticardiolipin antibodies

Front 28

Goodpasture's syndrome is associated with an antibody to:

Back 28

The basement membrane of the glomerulus

Front 29

Antimyelin antibody is associated with what disorder?

Back 29

Multiple sclerosis

Front 30

Sjogren's syndrome is associated with what antibody?

Back 30

Anti-SS-B

Front 31

The autoantibody associated with systemic sclerosis is:

Back 31

Anti-Scl

Front 32

Anticentromere antibodies are associated with what two conditions?

Back 32

CREST syndrome, Raynaud's phenomenon

Front 33

Antismooth muscle antibody is associated with:

Back 33

Infectious mononucleosis, chronic active hepatitis

Front 34

Scleroderma is a disorder that affects:

Back 34

Skin and vascular organs, causing fibrosis

Front 35

What is the most common manifestation of scleroderma?

Back 35

Raynaud's phenomenon

Front 36

What happens when a person with Raynaud's phenomenom gets cold or experiences oxygen depletion?

Back 36

They experience a blue or white discoloration of the skin

Front 37

A firm, enlarged thyroid is known as a/an:

Back 37

Goiter

Front 38

Antibodies that attack the thyroid cause a condition known as:

Back 38

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Front 39

How does Hashimoto's thyroiditis affect TSH and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) results?

Back 39

Increased TSH and decreased thyroid hormones

Front 40

What is the cause of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

Back 40

Antibodies against the cells of the pancreas

Front 41

List four hallmark signs of diabetes mellitus.

Back 41

Polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, polyuria

Front 42

An increase in appetite is known as:

Back 42

Polyphagia

Front 43

An increase in thirst is known as:

Back 43

Polydipsia

Front 44

Frequent urination is known as:

Back 44

Polyuria

Front 45

An autoimmune disease of excretory glands such as the lacrimal and salivary glands that results in a cough and hoarseness is:

Back 45

Sjogren's syndrome

Front 46

What is a plaque as it relates to multiple sclerosis?

Back 46

Lesion of the central nervous system caused by the demyelination of nerve sheaths

Front 47

What causes the signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis?

Back 47

T cells attacking the myelin sheaths of the nerves

Front 48

What are some signs and symptoms of MS (multiple sclerosis)?

Back 48

Slurred speech, difficulty walking, abnormal sensations

Front 49

What is oligoclonal banding and what is it used to diagnose?

Back 49

Multiple, narrow bands in the gamma region on the electrophoresis of a CSF sample but not the serum sample.

Used in diagnosing MS

Front 50

List six signs and symptoms of SLE (systemic lupus erythematous).

Back 50

Butterfly rash, hemolytic anemia, arthritis, glomerulonephritis, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, arthritis, myocarditis, endocarditis, pleuritis, pericarditis, seizures

Front 51

What is the most frequent cause of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

Back 51

Cardiovascular disease

Front 52

Progressive inflammation of the joints is associated with:

Back 52

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 53

What is the cause of the signs and symptoms associated with RA (rheumatoid arthritis)?

Back 53

Lining cells in joints become phagocytic and cause synovial fluid to break down hyaluronic acid. Lining cells also thicken.

Front 54

What two tests can be ran to determine if a patient has inflammation?

Back 54

Sed rate, CRP

Front 55

Define rheumatoid factor.

Back 55

Group of antibodies that are specific to the Fc portion of other antibodies

Front 56

List four conditions associated with a presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) other than RA.

Back 56

Infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, hepatitis

Front 57

Describe the appearance of the peripheral (rim) staining pattern of ANAs.

Back 57

Fluorescence occurs along the outside rim of the cell