Immunology Chapter 1/2 Vocab

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pathogen

Back 1

Disease causing microorganisms

Front 2

Adaptive immune response

Back 2

A specific immune response that produces antibodies against a particular system

Front 3

Innate immune response

Back 3

A broad spectrum immune response that deals with a wide variety of antigens

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Protective immunity

Back 4

A phenomenon where the adaptive immune response remembers the antigen that infected the organism for later use.

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Antibody

Back 5

Proteins that bind to toxins and neutralize their activity

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Antigens

Back 6

Proteins that stimulate antibodies

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Lymphocytes

Back 7

A special type of white blood cell that can recognize and target pathogenic microorganisms/infected cells

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Leukocytes

Back 8

White blood cells

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Lymphatic system

Back 9

Drains extracellular fluid and free cells from tissues, transports them as lymph, and empties it back into the blood stream

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hematopoietic stem cell

Back 10

Cells that give rise to all different types of blood cells

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Monocyte

Back 11

Immature macrophages that travel to tissues

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Nuetrophil

Back 12

Most numerous and most important cells in innate immune response

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Macrophage

Back 13

Mature forms of monocytes. Resides in tissues to engulf/kill microorganisms

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Mast cell

Back 14

Helps allergic reactions by inducing inflammation, protects internal surfaces against pathogens and parasites.

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Eosinophil/Basophil

Back 15

Important for taking on parasites. Does more harm than good when it comes to allergic inflammatory reactions.

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Dendritic cell

Back 16

Activate T lymphocytes upon encountering invading microorganisms

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Antigen preesenting Cells

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Cells that bring antigens to inactive T-lymphocytes and activates them

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Natural killer cell

Back 18

Cells that recognize/kill non-specific abnormal cells

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T-cell

Back 19

T-lymphocytes that differentiate into 4 types of t-cells: effector, cytotoxic, helper, and regulatory

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B-cell

Back 20

B-lymphocytes that differentiate into cells producing antibodies for the antigen specificity as the receptor.

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Naive lymphocyte

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Non-activated lymphocytes

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Effector lymphocytes

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Activated lymphocytes via antigens

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Memory cells

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Cells responsible for long lasting immunity

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Central lymphoid organs

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Bone marrow and thymus, Site where lymphocytes are generated

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Peripheral lymphoid organs

Back 25

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal lymphoid tissues. Site where lymphocytes are maintained, and adaptive immune responses are initiated

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Phagocytosis

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Macrophage engulfs pathogen, becomes phagosome, combines with lysosome to become a phagolysosome, which tna releases its contents to destroy the pathogen

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Lsosome

Back 27

Membrane-enclosed granule inside the macrophages/neutrophils that contain enzymes, proteins, and peptides to attack microbes

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Phagolysosome

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Phagosome + lysosome. The stage in which the pathogen becomes acidified

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Inflammation

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Response initiated when pathogens are introduced to macrophages. Includes signaling additional effector molecules, induce clotting, and repair injured tissue

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Extravasation

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Combination of slowed blood flow and adhesion molecules. Allows leukocytes to attach to the endothelium and migrate into the tissues.

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Diapedesis

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Movement through the basement membranes. Enables phagocytes to enter the subendothelial tissues

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Edema

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A phenomena in which fluid and proteins from blood accumulate in the tissue

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Chemokines

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Secreted proteins that attract cells bearing chemokine receptors. E.g. neutrophils/monocytes

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Cytokines

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General name for any protein that is secreted by cells and affects behavior of nearby cells bearing appropriate receptors.

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PAMPs

Back 35

Pathogen associated molecular patterns, which are structures that microorganisms bear on their surfaces

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PRRs

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Pattern recognition receptors, which are receptors on the macrophages that recognize PAMPs

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Opsonization

Back 37

A process to coat a particle to facilitate phagocytosis

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Complement

Back 38

Heat-labile component of normal plasma that augments the opsonization of killing bacteria by antibodies

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Zymogen

Back 39

Inactive forms of enzymes, or "pro-enzymes"