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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are mucins
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mucosal epithelia; prevent microbial penetration and bind soluble immune factors
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What is lactoferrin
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iron-binding protein that competes with microbes for extracellular iron
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PAMP
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; highly charged surface structures or unique spatial arrangements of chemical groups (e.g. sugar moieties)
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TLR3/ 4/ 7/ 8/ 9
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dsRNA / LPS / ssRNA / ssRNA / unmethylated CpG islands
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Mannose-binding protein
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produced by host cell; binds to mannose residues of a particular spacing
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MBP's purpose
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serves as an opsonin promoting phagocytosis; activates lectin-binding pathway of complement
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Phagocytic Leukocytes recognize microbes directly through what
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mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, TLRs, and chemotactic receptors
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How are chemotactic factors recognized
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by seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors
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What are cathelicidins and defensins?
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act as disinfectants by disrupting the membrane functions of microorganisms
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What chemotactic factors attract neutrophils?
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Complement C5a, Leukotriene B4, and IL-8
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What causes Chronic Granulomatous Disease?
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mutation in Respiratory Burst Oxidase; leads to walled off phagocytic leukocytes containing viable microbes within the lungs and liver
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How is nictric oxide formed?
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L-arginine + NADPH + oxygen forms nitric oxide + L-citruline + NADP
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What do defensins do specifically?
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chemotactic for dendritic cells, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes
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Why do NK cells attack?
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when cells have underexpressed MHC molecules on its surface or if it binds a specific host/microbial ligand
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What does NF-kappa-B do?
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When TLR4 binds LPS, it signals activation of NF-kappa-B. This transcription factor produces proinflammatory cytokines and receptors, cell adhesion molecules, immunoglobulins, and antigen receptors
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What is the TLR complex composed of?
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TLR + MD2 + CD14 (cluster-determinant 14)
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Which cytokines are important early mediators of sepsis?
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IL-1, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha
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What are some effects of cytokines?
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fever, hematopoiesis, chemotaxis, increased cell adhesion, cheanges in blood vessel function, antibody production, and apoptosis
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IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
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Induce fever, leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, acute phase protein synthesis (complement); IL-1 and IL-6 both coactivate B lymphocytes
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IL-4
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Lymphocyte coactivation and antibody production
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IL-12 function
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promotes differentiation of T lymphocytes
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IFN-alpha and IFN-beta function
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block virus replication within cells; enhance T lymphocyte response to microbial antigens by controlling the expression of MHC molecules
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IFN-gamma function
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potent activator of macrophages for the killing of intracellular bacteria and fungi; increases MHC expression on that cell
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CRP function
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binds to bacterial surface phospholipids, activates complement, and serves as an opsonin
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Regulator of Classical pathway of complement activation
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C1 inhibitor (protease inhibitor)
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IL-4 and IL-5
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promote the production of certain classes of antibodies by B lymphocytes
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Which antibody is involved with the first encounter with a pathogen?
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IgM
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Which antibody is involved with the subsequent encounters with a pathogen?
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IgG
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Why does the secondary response to a pathogen take longer to clear?
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Because there are more antibodies that are produced from many memory cells, and IgG has a longer half life than IgM
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How would you treat Cyclic neutropenia?
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CSF-G
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Which leukocyte is most numerous within human blood?
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neutrophils (4000 - 11000 per microliter blood)
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Which lymphocyte is most numerous within human blood?
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CD4+ T cells
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Which disease occurs due to lack of T cells?
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DiGeorge syndrome
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What are two general colony-stimulating factors?
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IL-3 and hematopoietin
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At what stage does T lymphocyte development move to the thymus?
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Pro-T cell stage (double negative)
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What is a secondary lymphoid organ?
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site at which the host mounts adaptive immune responses to foreign invaders; lymph node, Peyer's patch, spleen, etc.
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What makes up a HEV (High Endothelial Venule)?
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the veins formed from capillaries within the lymph node found near the cortex
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What is the pathway of recirculating lymphocytes?
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HEV from circulation, to diffuse cortex out the efferent lymphatic through thoracic duct back into circulation
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How do antigens move through lymph nodes?
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In through afferent lymphatic vessel, aggregate within germinal centers to associate with B cells; the formed plasma cells localize in the medullary cordes and secrete antibodies for the circulation
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Where do T cells localize within the lymph node?
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in the paracortex (diffuse cortex) where they associate with dendritic cells
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What is the cause of pernicious anemia?
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decreased absorption of vitamin B12, usually due to decreased intrinsic factor (produced by gastric parietal cells)
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What is the result of vitamin B12 deficiency?
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megaloblastic anemia (impaired erythropoiesis)
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What is the BCR (B cell receptor) complex?
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BCR + Ig-alpha (signal transduction) + Ig-beta (signal transduction)
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What is the TCR (T cell receptor) complex?
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TCR + CD3 (cluster determinant 3)
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What is the purpose of the invariant chain?
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This binds to and stabilizes unloaded MHC-II molecules within the ER of the antigen-presenting cell.
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MHC class I is to (blank) as MHC class II is to (blank)
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CD8 T cells; CD4 T cells
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The proteasome and TAP (transporter of antigenic peptide) are involved in which class of MHC, and where are they loaded onto the MHC molecule?
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Class I MHC; loaded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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What is the purpose of CD4+ T cells?
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secrete cytokines that regulate the activation of other immune cells
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What is the purpose of CD25 and in what cell is it expressed?
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It is found on B cells; CD25 binds IL-2
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Where is IL-2 found and what does it do?
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It is produced by T cells; it is T cell growth factor; upon T cell binding an antigen, it produces both IL-2 and IL-2R, serving an autocrine and extra stimulating purpose
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What is the purpose of CD32?
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It is located on macrophages and binds to IgG-antigen complexes.
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What is the purpose of CD18?
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It is located on leukocytes and adheres the leukocyte to endothelium
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What is the difference between lymphocytosis and lymphopenia?
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Lymphocytosis is an accumulation of a certain type of lymphocyte in the blood, whereas lympopenia is a lack of a certain type of lymphocyte in the blood
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Should you ever see a CD3+ T cell in the bone marrow?
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No, CD3 is only expressed after the pro-T cell migrates to the thymus
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What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)?
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Bruton syndrome; patients do not make mature B cells
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What is aplastic anemia?
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a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to replenish blood cells
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What are some naturally occuring antigens?
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proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
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What is a hapten?
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a molecule (usually has molecular mass less than 10K Daltons) that is antigenic, but not immunogenic
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How can you make a hapten immunogenic?
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covalently bind it to a carrier molecule; some haptens can cause allergic dermatitis if they bind to proteins in the skin
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Why can penicillin become dangerous?
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It can bind to a variety of host proteins, including human erythrocytes; antipenicillin antibodies can be produced and cause autoimmune hemolytic anemia (use Coombs test)
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What is multiple myeloma?
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a malignancy of a clone of Ig-producing plasma cells
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What are the five classes of antibodies and what distinguishes them in function?
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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD; the constant region of the Fc component elicits a different function
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What is the designation of the light (L) chain of immunoglobulins?
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kappa or lambda (60:40 ratio)
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What is a Bence-Jones protein?
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The specific M protein associated with multiple myeloma that are monoclonal, dimeric, and either kappa or lambda, but not both (light chains)
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What is the comparative ratio of levels of and half-life of immunoglobulins?
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IgG > IgA > IgM > IgD > IgE
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Which two immunoglobulins are produced on naive B cells?
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IgM > IgD
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Does serum IgA have a J-chain and secretory component?
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J-chain (if dimeric); secretory component (no, never)
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Do both the light and heavy chains have constant and variable regions?
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yes; both heavy and light chains contain (3) hypervariable regions within their light chains
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