Immunology Chapter 1

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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Immune System

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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Immune System

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immunity

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resistance to infectious disease

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collection of cells tissues and molecules that mediate resistance to infection

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immune system

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coordinated reaction of immune system to infectious microbes

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immune response

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study of immune system

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immunology

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most important physiologic function of immune system

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prevent infections, eradicate established infections

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most effective method for protecting individuals against infections

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vaccination

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other role of immune responses besides infections

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defense against tumors, healing, clearance of dead cells

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major barrier to sucessful organ transplantation

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immune response

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mediates the initial protection against infections

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innate immunity

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provides specialized and effective defense against over time

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adaptive immunity

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adaptive immunity requires

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expansion and differentiation of lymphocytes in response to microbes

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first line of defense in innate immunity

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provided by epithelial barriers and cells with natural antibiotic in epithelia

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innate immune response once barrier is breached

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NK cells, phagocytes, and complement system

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adaptive immunity consists of

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lymphocytes and their products (ie: antibodies)

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molecules produced by microbes and noninfectious substances

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antigens

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two types of adaptive immunity

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humoral and cell mediated

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humioral immunity mediated by

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antibodies produced by B lymphocytes

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antibodies cannot gain access to these microbes

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those that live and divide inside infected cells

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defense against intracellular microbes is called

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cell mediated immunity

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main cell of cell mediated immunity

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T lmyphocyte

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active immunity

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immunity induced by infection or vaccination

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passive immunity

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immunity confered by transfer of antibodies or lymphocyres from actively immunized individual

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benefit and limitation to passive immunity

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rapid conference of immunity before the body would be able to do so BUT this is not long lived

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physiologic example of passive immunity

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mother to baby through placenta and breast milk

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specificity ensures

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distinct antigens elicit responses that target those antigens

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diversity enables

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immune system to respond to a large variety of antigens

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memory leads to

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rapid/enhanced responses to repeated exposures to same antigen

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clonal expansion

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increases # of ANTIGEN SPECIFIC lymphocytes to keep up with microbes

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contraction/homesostasis

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allows immune system to respond to newly encountered antigens

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nonreactivity to self

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preventsinjury to host during response to foreign antigens

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lymphocyte repertoire is extremely

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diverse

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clonal selection hypothesis

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clones of lymphocytes develop for specific antigens and each antigen will elicit a response by selecting for and activing the lymphocytes of a specific clone

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response to first exposure to antigen

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primary immune response

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subsaquent exposures to antigens mount a

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secondary immune response , more rapid and larger

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optomizes ability of immune system to combat persistant and recurrent infections

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immunologic memory

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immunological tolerance

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body usually does not respond to self antigens

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only cells that produce receptors specific for diverse antigens

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lymphocytes

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CD

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cluster of differentiation. CD proteins are surface proteins that are used to differentiating between immune cell types

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only cells capable of producing antibodies

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B cells

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most T cells recognize only these antigens

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fragments displayed on MHC molecules

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why are helper T cells called such

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they help B lymphocytes produce antibodies and help phagocytes destroy ingested microbes

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CD8+ T cell

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cytotoxic T cells, kill cells harboring intracellular microbes

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NK cells

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specialized lymphocytes that are capable of rapidly attacking infected cells. Part of innate immune system

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B cells arise where

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bone marrow

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T cells arise where

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bone marrow

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T cells mature where

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thymus

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all lymphocytes arrise from

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stem cells in bone marrow

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generative lymphoid organs

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sites where mature lymphocytes are produced

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peripheral lymphoid organs

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site where mature lymphocytes are found in addition to bloodstream

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display antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses

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follicular dendritic cells

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effector phase of cell mediated immunity

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macrophages

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initiation of T cell responses

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dendritic cells

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granulocytes

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neutrophils and eosinophils

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mononuclear phagocytes

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macrophaes and monocytes

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when niave lymphocytes recognize antigen what happens

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activated and proliferate / differentiate into effector and memory cells

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niave lymphocyte

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express receptor for antigen but do not perform function required to clear antigens

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niave lymphocytes reside

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peripheral lymphoid organs

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how long do niave lymphocytes live if unactivated

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weeks to months then apoptosis and replenishment

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progeny of niave cells with ability to produce molecules that elimnate antigens

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effector cells

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effector cels of B lymphocyte lineage

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plasma cells

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plasmablasts

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antibody producing cell

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effector CD4+ cells produce

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cytokines that activate other cell types

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effector CD8+ cells

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have machinery to kill infected host cells

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memory cells

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generated from progeny of antigen stimulated lymphocytes have ability to survive for long time in absense of antigen

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APCs are usually located where

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at areas that are common portals of entry for microbes

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dendritic cells

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capture antigens of microbia in epithelia and transport them to lymphnodes for recognition by T lmyphocytes

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most effective APC for initiating T cell responses

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dendritic cells

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follicular dendritic cells reside where

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germinal centers of lymphoid follicles ; displays antigens that stimulate differentiation of B cells in follicles

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macrophage response: innate and active response

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macrophages innately act as effector cells but can be recruited and activated by specific active immune responses

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peripheral lymphoid organs include

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lymph nodes spleen and mucosal/cutaneous systems

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benefit of peripheral lymphoid organs

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allows for concentration of antigens. Remember only ~1-10k lymphocytes for any 1 antigen. Imposisble for so few cells to patrol whole body for specific antigen, rather lymph flow bring the antigens to them at said peripheral lymphoid organs and dendritic cells can present antigens as well

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encapsulated nodular aggregate of lymphoid tissue

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specialized lymphocytes that are capable of rapidly attacking infected cells. Part of innate immune system

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really simple explanation of spleen

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filters blood for antigens the same way a lymph node filters lymph for antigens

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cutaneous and mucosal immune system act simmilar to

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lymph nodes

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examples of cutaneous and mucosal immune system

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tonsils, peyers patches

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in lymph node where are B cells

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within follicles located

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if B cells are responding to an antigen in a lymph node, how will the node appear

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will have a germinal center

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where are T cells in lymph node

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outside but adjacent to follicles

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FDC's in the follicles produce this which is a chemokine for B cells

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CXCR5

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T cells are located in areas of high amounts of this chemokine

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CCR7

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causes T/B cells to meet following antigen exposure

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altered chemokine activity

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where do effector T cells go

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from peripheral lymphoid organ to sites of infeciton

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why is it less important for effector B cells (plasma) to migrate to site of infection

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they secrete antibodies which can serve their purpose without the B cell going anywhere

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HEV's

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high endothelial venules ; circulating niave T cells can enter lymph nodes through these

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2 major cellular reactions of innate immunity

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inflammation and antiviral defense

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mediates inflammation

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cytokines

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mediates antiviral defense

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type 1 interferons and NK cells

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role of compliment system

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kill and opsonize microbes

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polysaccrides and lipids stimulate secretion of these antibodies

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IgM

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protein antigens stimulate

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T helper cells

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T helper cells induce what antibodies

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IgG, IgA, IgE

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heavy chain class switchin

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production of different antibodies all with same specificity

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affinity maturation

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helper T cells induce production of antibodies with higher affinity for antigen

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what happens to effector lymphocytes after infectious pathogen is gone

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die by apoptosis returning immune system to resting state (apoptosis)