Immunology Chapter 1

Front 1

Immunology

Back 1

The study of the physiological Mechanisms that humans and other animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by other organisms.

Front 2

Immune System

Back 2

Cells heavily dedicated to defense

Front 3

Microorganism

Back 3

Have the ability of reproducing and evolving much more rapidly than human hosts

Front 4

Vaccination/Immunization

Back 4

A procedure whereby severe disease is prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease. i.e smallpox

Front 5

Commensal Species

Back 5

A vast resource-rich environment in which to live, feed and reproduce

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Flora

Back 6

A community of microbial species that inhabits a particular niche in the human body-mouth, skin, gut.

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Pathogen

Back 7

Any organism with the potential to cause disease; bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.

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Opportunistic Pathogens

Back 8

Pathogens that can colonize the human body to no ill effect for much of the time but cause illness if the body's defenses are weakened or if the microbe gets into the 'wrong' place.

Front 9

Epithelium

Back 9

The body's first line of defense; the skin. Forms a tough, impenetrable barrier protected by layers of keratinized cells.

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Mucosal Surfaces/ Mucosae

Back 10

tissues that are specialized for communication with their environment and are more vulnerable to microbial invasion.

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Endemic Disease

Back 11

Diseases such as smallpox in which are ubiquitous in a given population and to which most people are exposed in childhood.

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Mucus

Back 12

A thick fluid layer containing glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and enzymes that protect the epithelial cells from damage and limit infection. Lines mucosal surfaces of epithelial lining.

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Defensins

Back 13

An antimicrobial peptide produced by all epithelial, that kills bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses by perturbing their membranes.

Front 14

lysozomes

Back 14

An enzymes that kills bacteria by degrading their cell walls. Found in tears and saliva.

Front 15

Innate Immune System

Back 15

First line of defense. Ready to react quickly (few days).No memory. Causes inflammation at sites of infection.

Hint 15

First part: Recognition that a pathogen is present.
Second part: Recruitment of destructive effector mechanisms that kill and eliminate it.

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Effector mechanisms

Back 16

Provided by the effector cells of various types that engulf bacteria, kill virus-infecte cells, or attack protozoan parasites.

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Complement

Back 17

Battery of serum proteins that help the effector cells by marking pathogens with molecular flags but also attack pathogens in their own right.

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Cytokines

Back 18

Soluble proteins that are sent out by cells and protein to damaged tissue, that interact with other cells to trigger the innate immune response.

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Inflammation

Back 19

Overall effect of the innate immune response; blood flow is increased by cytokines, causing redness, soreness and swelling.

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Endothelium

Back 20

The thin layer of specialized epithelium that lines the interior of blood vessels.

Front 21

Edema(swelling)

Back 21

Caused by expansion of local fluid volume, putting pressure on nerve endings and causing pain.

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lymphocytes (adaptive)

Back 22

white blood cells that increase the power and force of the immune response.

Front 23

Adaptive immune response

Back 23

long-lasting; highly specialized defense that develops against one pathogen