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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cytokines are the ____ of the ____
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Therapy of the future
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Cytokines are secreted by ___
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White Blood Cells
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Cytokines regulate 2 major things
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Intensity and duration of the immune response
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Why are they called Interleukins?
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Because they carry signals between immune cells
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Three types of cytokine activity
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Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine
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Cytokines have 4 characterisitcs
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Pleiotropic, redundant, synergy, antagonism
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Main producers of cytokines are (2)
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T helper cells and macrophages
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For therapy with cytokines you must consider these 4 things
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Correct amount, ratio, timing, and location
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Control of cytokines (3 mechanisms)
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Receptors for cytokines only on cells that you want to respond
Require cell to cell contact half life of cytokine is very short |
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3 common structural features of cytokine receptors
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1. extracellular domain
2. single membrane spanning domain 3. cytoplasmic domain |
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Five families of cytokine receptors. These families must do what 3 things
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1. recognize the particular cytokine specifically
2. bind the cytokine with high affinity 3. send signals into the cell to intiate the cytokine induced changes |
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Which IL-2 receptor sub-unit is responsible for signaling into the cell
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Beta sub-unit
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Weakest sub-unit of IL-2 receptor
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alpha sub-unit but it is used for specific recognition
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gamma chain is required for what?
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T-cell maturation in the thymus
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Three natural types of cytokine antagonists
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1. Bind to the receptor but do not signal the cell
2. Bind to the cytokine and prevents it from binding to the receptor 3. Virus produced proteins that bind to cytokines |
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IL-1Ra
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IL-1 Receptor antagonist. Prevents the real cytokine from binding. Blocks IL-1 from binding to IL-1alpha or beta.
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2 Examples of virus produced proteins that bind cytokines
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Poxvirusis and EBV
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There are how many T-helper subsets?
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2. Th1 and Th2
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Th1 is responsible for...
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Cell mediated functions like CTL's and macrophages. Secretes IL-2 and IFN gamma
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Th2
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Function as helper for B-cell activation. May mediate allergic reactions
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Cross regulation of T-helper cells
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Th1 cytokines stimulate Th1 and Th2 stimulate Th2. But, cytokines from Th1 have inhibitory effects on Th2 and the opposite.
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Activity of T-helper cells can be altered by what 2 viruses/diseases
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HIV and Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
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Epstein Barr Virus
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Produces a virla protein that looks a lot like Il-10 and represses Th1 activity. Gives a survival advantage for the virus
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HIV virus
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As an HIV patient progresses, they shift from Th1 to Th2.
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Bacterial Septic Shock
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Disease of cytokine overproduction from gram negative bacteria.
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endotoxins
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stimulate macrophage to overproduce IL-1 and TNF-alpha and causes septic shock. Can be fixed using an IL-1 Receptor antagonist
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Bacterial Toxis Shock
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Caused by microbial toxins called superantigens. This causes them to be activated way more than they normally would be. Cause a huge dump of Th1 and 2
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Sterile Lesions
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Caused by increase in Th1 and Th2 and fight systemic effects from a local infection yielding sterile lesions
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2 ways to treat a tumor
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Treat with IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF alpha
Culturing immune cells of a patient and using IL-2 to make them grow then putting them back in |
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Treatment of allergies
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IL-2 (Th1) and IL-4 (Th2) have opposing effects on Ab production and which isotype they favor. IFN-gamma inhibits IgE and IL-4 favors IgE production
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IL-2
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Th1
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IL-4
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Th2
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IFN-gamma does what to allergies
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Inhibits production of IgE
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Il-4 does what to allergies
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Increases production of IgE which can stimulate a response
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Cytokine half life is _____ minutes long
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7-10 minutes long
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