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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is oncogenesis?
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uncontrolled cell expansion caused by dna mutations
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what cancers are only in immunosuppressed?
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bk and kaposi's sarcoma
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oncogene examples?
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growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, transcriptoin factors, and programmed cell death regulators
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growth factor receptor example? result?
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her-2; always on
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signal transducer example? result?
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ras, abl; turned on when abnormal
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transcription factor example? fucntion?
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myc; controls which gene is active
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programmed cell death regulator example? fx?
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bcl-2; prevents a cell from suicide when it needs to
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loss of function mutations?
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lose tumor suppression genes and dna repair mechanisms
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most common tumor suppression gene?
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rb
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one of most common mutations in cancer?
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p53 gene
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what happens in p53 mutation?
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interrupts genes ability to responsd to negative stimuli and commit suicide
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fusion protein function?
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formed by genetic rearrangements dur to malfunction in normal cell mechanics
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common fusion protein we will see?
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bcr/abl
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bcr able loss or gain of function?
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gain of function
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b cells have rearrangement mechanisms to increase diversity, this increases likelihood of what?
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fusion proteins
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what is knudson 2 hit model?
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in rb, both copies of oncogene must be mutated; hit 1 is inheritance at one allele, hit 2 is random mutation at other allele
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how does the immune system know about cancer?
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surveillance
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what are danger signals?
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hypoxemic stress, physical pressure, viral infection
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surveillance is looking at:
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antigens, nk t cells attacking cells lacking mhc-1, gamma/delta t cells might not need ag processing
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paraneoplastic syndrome has what kind of pathology?
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autoimmune
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what causes neuropathy in paraneoplastic syndrome?
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humoral response assoc w/tumor creates antibodies to sensory nerves; develops peripherally
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why does the immmune system fail in fighting cancer?
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lack of antigenicity of tumor, tumor induces immunosuppression, loss of tumor mhc ag., evolutionary pressure
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what syndromes cause tumor-induced immunosupp.?
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carcinoid syndrome
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what is an example of loss of tumor mhc ag?
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hpv
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how does immune system see cancer?
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tumor expresses mhc1 w/ag; this goes to apc, then lymph; meets cd4 that stimulates cd8 and proliferates
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direcct pathway for seeing cancer?
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il2 and tgf-b near cd8 can activate cd8 t cells to proliferate; unique to tumors
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if a tumor antigen is not unique, what can happen?
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paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy
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viral proteins are antigenic how often?
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100% of the time
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fusion proteins are antigenic in CD8 t cells how often?
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only 15 peptides possible
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self oncogenes are antigenic how often
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0 peptides
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loss of function genes antigenic how often?
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never; no proteins are expressed
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fusion proteins are antigenic in CD4 t cells how often?
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many possible
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paraneoplastic syndrom is what hypersen?
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II
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in order to get NKT to kill tumor cells, what must happen?
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must lose mhc-1
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which protein is mostlikely to be immunogenic in NKT?
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viral protein
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which monoclonal antibodies attack tumors directly?
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anti-cd20 and anti-her2`
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what are the different types of immunotherapy for cancer?
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immunize with tumor cells; adoptive transfer of activated cells; monoclonal antibodies; passive immunotherapy with cytokines; immunomodulated antigen delivery
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does adoptive cellular therapy work?
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not very often
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what can be used to stimulate the immune system?
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anti-ctl4 (has shown complete tumor regression)
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how does anti-ctl4 work?
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blocks stoppage of t cell activation
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her2 is an anti-tumor antibody for what?
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breast cancer
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anti-d20 and anti-d10?
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b cell lymphoma
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anti-cea
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gi and lung cancer
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anti-ca125?
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ovarian tumor; test is for tumor, antibody fights tumor
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passive immunotherapy with cytokines involves which cytokines?
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IL2 and inf-alpha
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immunomodulated ag delivery is a what vaccine? drug name?
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prostate cancer; provenge
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top 3 neoplasms?
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plasma cell myeloma (MM); AML; and CLL
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what is most common neoplasm?
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plasma cell myeloma (MM)
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what is happening in MM?
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overproduction of b cells and plasma cells
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what test is diagnostic for MM?
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serum electophoresis will show m-band as most abundant
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what is AML?
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maturational arrest of bm cells in earliest stages of development; M0-M7
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what is diagnostic for AML?
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lymphs with CD33 and CD34 (normal only in bm)
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what is CLL?
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lymphs express both t and b cell proteins on surface; tend to produce antibody parts
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what is diagnostic for CLL?
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CD5/CD19 double positive; normally, cd5 is t cell and cd10 is b cell
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what are tsa's?
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tumor specific antigens; any production=positive
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breast cancer positive tsa?
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PLAC-1
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what are taa's?
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tumor associated antigens; overproduction=postivie
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CEA?
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colon cancer
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AFP?
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liver cancer
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CALLA (CD10)
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leukemia
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tyrosinase presence in abundance?
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melanoma
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CA125 and HE4?
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ovarian cancer
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what is the only tsa?
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plac-1
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where are isotype antibodies at? idiotype?
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isotype-heavy chain; idiotype-epitope binding
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