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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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do vaccines totally prevent you from getting a disease?
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no - but it helps you mount a response if you do, and it decreases your ability to be a transmissable host.
herd protection - need >90% vaccinated to prevent transmission of disease in populations. even if there are few unvaccinated people, without anybody to transmit it, the disease should be wiped out. |
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what are the types of vaccines given and what are the specific diseases included in each? potential downdsides?
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there are live, attenuated viruses. these include MMR, vaccina (small pox), and varicella (chicken pox). Don't do polio this way anymore because of the a-alpha-globulinemia kids.
Killed, inactivated vaccines: pertussis (the T of DPT). new polio injectable vaccine. subunit vaccines: the D and T: Dyptheria and Tetatnus toxoids. Hep B influenza downside of the killed vaccines is that they present too many antigens? |
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what's an adjuvant?
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something that increases the adaptive immune response to an antigen.
in humans, alumn is a good example - it ensures that a given antigen sticks around longer and is presented to your adaptive imune system more often. Freund's complete adjuvant also increases your macrophage response. |
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what are some problems with vaccines?
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they can be dangerous - in the case of live polio, it can mutate into a more virulent form. in the case of the rotovirus vaccine that got pulled, it could cause telescoping bowel syndrome.
also, they're not always effective. |
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what determines if an infectious agent would be a good candidate for vaccine development?
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if the microorganism has to replicate and spread extensively throughout the body before causing sickness, that's a good vaccine target.
also, if it produces a toxin to cause disease, that's another good target. so those diseases that don't have to spread to kill you or don't produce a toxin are hard to innoculate against. these include HIV, herpes, HPV, etc. |
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how do antihistamines work?
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block the H1 receptor...so stil get some symptoms of having lots of histamine released, but it's dampened.
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how do corticiosteroids work?
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they mimic natural glucocorticoids and activate the glucocorticoid receptor, causing the expression of GREs.
One of the big GRE's is an inhibitor of "I kappa B", an inhibitor of NF-kappa-B. Because a lot of the immune response depends on NFkB, stopping it stops the immune response geneerally. Global immunosuppression. remember that prednisone is a prodrug, and prednisolone is the biologically active metabolite. |
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what are some antiproliferative drugs? how do they work?
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azathioprine, cyclophosphomide, and methotrexate - these all kill rapidly dividing cells. risk is complete pancytopenia, when all you want is leukopenia.
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What about those drugs we see reserved for organ transplantation?
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cyclosporine, tacromlius, rapamycin - these all inhibit T cell activation by messing with expression of IL2 from Cd4 cells.
rapamycin is seroliums - it works by screwing with the IL2 receptor on the T cells. |
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if talking about taking an antibody, what are some key in the name that suggest its mechanism?
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if it's "IX" - it means chimeric.
if it says "ZU" - it's humanized. anything that ends with "ab" means antibody. |
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what's immunotherapy? what's one new therapy for asthma?
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same thing as sensitization - give little amount of the antigen and induce T regulatory cells to make IL10 and TGF-beta.
asthma has traditionally been treated with antihistamines, corticosteroids, amd leukotrine blockers, etc. now, have a mAB against IgE's FC region, so it can't bind mast cells. Called Omalizumab. Zu = humanized. |
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what can we do about RA?
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used to use steroids, methotrexate, and NSAIDS.
now have etanercept to block TNF alpha receptors, and influximab - anti TNF mAB's. |
