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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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He is the "Father of Immunology"
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Thucydides
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He said that no one was sick twice
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Thucydides
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Smallpox is caused by what?
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Variola virus
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Edward Jenner
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Cowpox protected from smallpox and was safer than variolation
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
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introduced variolation- inject w/smallpox particulet
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Benjamin Jesty
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inoculates his wife and children w/cowpox
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Balmis-Salvany
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one of the earliest vaccination campaings
smallpox to South America |
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Pastur
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experiments with old cholera broth on chickens, old=attenuated
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von Behring
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tetanus toxin/toxoid
toxoid: inactivated passive immunity w/serum used rabbits |
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Kitasato
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tetanus toxin/toxoid
toxoid: inactivated passive immunity w/serum used rabbits |
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Where is 1 MHC?
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on every cell w/nucleous
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Where is 2 MHC?
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APC
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Major Bacterial Infections
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TB, Tetanus, whooping cough
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Major Fungi Pathogen
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Thrush, Ringworm
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Major Viral pathogens
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Polio, Measles
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Major parasites
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Malaria, leishmaniasis
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Immunogen
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causes an immune response
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Antigen
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something that an Ab binds to
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IgA
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tears, spit, gut
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IgG
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most predominant serum Ab
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What Ig is involved with hyper sensitivity?
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IgE
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What Ig causes Immune probles when excessive?
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IgD and IgM
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Who has CD4?
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T-helper
Adaptive cell responce |
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who has CD8?
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T-cytotoxic cells
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What is it about IgE that causes hypersensitiviy?
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is "cross links"2 IgE's bind same antigen and cuase mast cell to release histamine
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What is Heparnin
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anticloting factor
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What is plasma
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the liquid and soluble proteins (non-cellular) part of blood
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What is serum?
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the liquid fraction of blood w/out cloting factors
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What are the granulocytes?
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Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils
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What cells can perform Respiratory Burst?
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Neutrophils, activated macrophages and eosinophils.
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What cells can perform Respiratory Burst?
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Neutrophils, activated macrophages and eosinophils.
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what are some granule contents?
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Myeloperoxidase
Defensins BPI Lactoferrin Proteases |
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Myeloperoxidase
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converts hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite - Respiratory Burst
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Defensins
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antimicrobial peptides, cytotoxic to many Bac, Fungi, and som viruses
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BPI
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Bacterial Permeability Increasing protein - highly toxic to gram-negative bacteria
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Lactorferrin
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binds free iron, inhibits growth of microorganisims
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What is important about Eosinophils?
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Acidic Stain, elevated due to fungal infection, mature in spleen, pink/orange-bilobed
*important in defense against parasites and worms (helminths) degranulation/respiratory burst |
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What is important about Nutrophils?
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acidic/basic stain
first cells to arrive at infection phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst multilobed |
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What is important about Basophils?
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Basic Dye (methylene blue)-Blue
non-phagocytic involved in allergi respones |
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What are the major leukocytes and %?
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils-50-70% Lymphocytes 25% Monocytes- 6% Eosinophils 1-3% Basophils <1% |
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Largest Leukocyte
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macrophage
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Name some macrophages and where they are found
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Kupffer Cells- liver
Mesangial cells- kidney aveolar macrophages- lung microglial cells- brain these can also undergo respiratory burst, APC and have class 2 MHC |
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What are the major APCs?
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macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
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Important features of Mast cells
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mature in tissues, mediators of allergic responses, wound healing, basic stain (methylene blue), release granules containing histamine etc,
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What cells have CD3?
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Only T cells (helper and cytotoxic) have CD3
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What is important about DiGeorge Syndrome?
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impaired thymic development leads to a deficit of mature T cells --> immune deficiency
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How does lymph get into the blood?
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lymph empties into the blood via
the thoracic lymphatic duct empties into the left subclavian vein the right lymphatic duct --> right subclavian vein |
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Lymph enters node via______ and exits via ________?
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Lymph enters via afferent and exits via efferent lymphatic vessels.
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Where in lymph nodes are B cells located?
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Cortex
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Where in lymph nodes are T cells located?
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Para-Cortex
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Where in lymph nodes are Plasma cells and Macrophages located?
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Medulla
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High endothelial venules (HEV)
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post-capillary venous swellings in lymph nodes that allow for re-entry/ exit of lymphocytes
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what is special about Yersinia pestis?
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secrets antiphagocytic proteins that allows it to live in lymph tissues
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What do I need to know about he Epstein Barr Virus?
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attacks mononuclear cells B cells and T cells, can never get rid of it b/c may invade bone marrow and B cells think EBV proteins are normal
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what causes impairment of lymphocyte apoptosis?
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a mutation in the Fas gene accumulation of lymphocytes,
Lupus like disease |
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In the Innate immune system, what receptors specifically recognize G-Negative Bac?
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Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) receptors:
LPS-Binding Protein (LBP) |
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LPS causes leukocytes to produce what cytokine?
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IL-1alpha and IL-1beta
these are pyrogens |
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What is important about TLR4?
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Binds LPS of G-Neg Bac
Diseases role:Sepsis, RA, IBF, Asthma Co-Receptors:CD14, MD2, CR3 |
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List some Opsonins
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Ab, Complement fragment C3b, C-Reactive Protein, MBL
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List some Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
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Lipoplysaccaharides
Peptidoglycan Teichoic Acid (G-Pos) |
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What are the functions of neutrophils?
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Phagocytosis, Respiratory burst, antimicrobial peptides- alpha defensins
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Functions of Macrophages
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phagocytosis, Inflammatory mediators, APC, Respiratory Burst,
Cytokines: TNF alpha, IL-1, IL-6 Complement proteins |
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Functions of Dendritic cells
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APC, Respiratory Burst, Interferon, cytokines
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Functions of Natural Killer cells
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Lysis of viral infected cells,
interferon gamma-->macrophage activation TNF alpha |
