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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 3 physical barriers of the body
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skin, mucus, mucus membranes
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name 3 chemical barriers of the body
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lysozymes, ph, stomach acid
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Blood plasma contains:
Name 3 |
clotting factors, complement, antibodies
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A system in plasma that can kill pathogens
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complement
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This is missing clotting proteins
-comes from clotted blood |
serum
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Name 3 immune cells in the blood
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WBC, RBC, plasma
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carry O2 & CO2
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RBC
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aka leukocytes
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WBC
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made from water, proteins, and clotting factors
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plasma
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Inflammation is triggered by what type of damage
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tissue
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______comes from increased vascular permeability(more blood to area)
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rubor
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______from the increase in blood
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calor
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_______from the increased amt of fluids leaking into the tissue
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tumor
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_______from the stimulation of the nerve endings
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dolor
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________promote inflammation and stimulate systemic responses
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cytokines released by macrophages
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Name the 4 things that macrophages recognize on pathogens so they can be eaten:
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LPS, Lipoteichoic acid, PAMPS, nucleic acids
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What does PAMPS stand for
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Protein Associated molecular patterns bind
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To begin phagocytosis the phagocyte must first _______to pathogen
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bind
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Microbes w/ _______ are difficult to bind
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capsules
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Phagocytosis is easier if the pathogen is coated w/ ________ or _______(opsonins)
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antibodies or complement
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Why do macrophages produce chemokines
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increase inflammation
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capillary leakiness
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diapedesis
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What is it called when chemokines attract PMNs
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chemotaxis
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________signal hypothalamus to increase body temperature
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lymphokines
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signal liver to produce acute phase proteins=opsonins that aid phagocyte binding of pathogen
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lymphokines
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________signal bone marrow to release more PMNs
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lymphokines
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Name 3 ways pathogens are killed by the host defenses
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toxic O2 molecules, enzyme digestion, defensins
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_______in plasma which lyses bacteria
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complement
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_________in plasma which stops virus infection
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interferon
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Name the 2 plasma based protein defense systems
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complement, interferon
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Name the 4 parts of complement classical pathway
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-initiation
-amplification and cascade -polymerization -membrane attack |
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How many complement pathways are there
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3
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Name the 2 interferon(anti- viral)
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-IFN alpha
-IFN beta |
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IFN made by what types of cells displaying foreignness warning other cells near it:
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virus-infected cells
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Interferon is abbreviated as ____
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IFN
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IFN gamma made by _____cells
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T cells
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Is IFN gamma antiviral?
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no
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IFN gamma activates what 2 cells to eat/kill bacteria
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-macrophages
-PMNs |
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Humoral immunity is made by__ cells
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B cells
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Cellular immunity is made by __ cells`
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T cells
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T cells eliminate ________ pathogens
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intracellular
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Name 3 other things that T cells fight off:
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-transplanted tissue
-cancer cells -kills infected host cells -helps macrophages kill phagocytosed pathogens |
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Antigen presenting cells APC's present________ antigen on MHC __.
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-foreign
-MHC II |
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Name 3 examples of MHC II cells:
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-dendritic cells
-macrophages -B cells |
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MHC II bind w/_______ which are aka
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CD4 aka Th
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______cells present intracellular antigen on MHC I which binds to ____aka T__
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All
CD8 aka Tc |
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What happens when foreignness is presented?
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apoptosis
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____________=tissue typing antigens
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MHC proteins
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How do vaccines work?
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by stimulating a harmless reaction which creates memory cells
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Name the 5 types of vaccines commonly used in the US:
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-toxoid
-live-attenuated -subunit -whole cell -recombinant |
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Vaccination generate_________ immunity
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active
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Explain a whole cell vaccination
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A whole dead virus cells are injected into the body
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What is a subunit vaccine?
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Its part of a pathogen that is injected into the body
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Give 2 examples of subunit vaccines:
-MMR -influenza -Rabies -pertussis -Pneumonoccocal pneumonia |
-pertusis
-pneumonococcal pneumonia |
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What type of vaccine is consisted of inactivated toxin molecules>
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toxoid
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2 examples of toxoid vaccine:
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-diptheria
-tetanus |
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Name the 2 types of vaccines that are safe, and generate neutralizing antibodies:
-recombinant -toxoid -live attenuated inactivated virus |
-inactivated virus
-toxoid |
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Whats the only DNA vaccine ever made?
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Horse vaccine for WNV
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Give an example of a recombinant vaccine:
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Hep B
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_______are immune responses to harmless antigens (pollen)
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allergies
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Allergies are which antibody:
-IgG -IgE -IgM |
IgE
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__________are immune respones which cause disease
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hypersensitivity
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Allergy
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Type I hypersensitivity
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Type I hypersensitivity time before clinical signs show up
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<30 min
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Name 1 characteristic of a type I hypersensitivity:
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inflammation
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What 2 things do severity of symptoms depend on?
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-where allergen enters body
-how severe immune response is |
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Name the 4 common allergens:
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-pet dander
-dust mite feces -food antigens -pollen |
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What 2 things do allergens cause body to release?
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-histamines
-leukotrines |
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__________________inflammation throughout circulation---death
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systemic anaphylaxis
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Name 3 types of medicines that surpress allergic symptoms:
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-aspirin
-corticosteroids -antihistamines |
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Name 3 effects of allergies:
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-headache
-constricted bronchioles -excessive mucus |
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Allergy shots contain____blocking antibodies.
IgE IgG IgM |
IgG
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Type II hypersensitivity=________
-anaphylactic -cytotoxic -immune complex -cell-mediated |
cytotoxic
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Type II time b4 clinical signs show:
<30 min 3-8 hrs 5-12 hrs |
5-12 hrs
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IgG/IgM antibodies bind to _____ antigens. which causes macrophages and NK cells to kill ____.
virus infected foreign RBC |
RBC
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Name 3 examples of Type II hypersensitivity
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Rh factor
medication allergies mismatched blood |
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Name 2 diseases associated w/ Type II hypersensitivities:
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rheumatic fever
autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Type III hypersensitivity
-immune complex -anaphylactic -cytotoxic |
immune complex
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Type III time before clinical signs show up
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3-8 hrs
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Name a disease associated with Type III
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-serum sickness
-SLE -lyme arthritis -rheumatoid arthritis |
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different genes that code for the same thing
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allele
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What triggers autoimmunity?
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infection
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immune respons to a pathogen antigen generates antibodies & T cells that also bind self antigens
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molecular mimicry
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Name the 2 types of immune deficiencies:
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-inborn
-acquired |
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______usually a problem in cell development or mutation gene for an essential protein
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inborn
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_________usually due to microbe virulence factors
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acquired
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Name the 5 natural defenses of the skin
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keratin
skin sloughing sebum sweat lysozyme |
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Name 3 bacteria normally on skin
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-staph aureus
-staph epi -yeasts |
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Name 4 diseases of the skin:
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-Leprosy
-Acne -Impetigo -Chicken pox |
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Name the bacteria that causes acne?
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propionibacterium acnes
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Name 2 characteristics of acne:
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-attracts neutrophils
-digest sebum |
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Name 2 treatments of acne:
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-benzoyl peroxide
-tetracycline |
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Which 2 bacterias cause impetigo?
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-staphylococcus aureus
-strep pyogenes |
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Name 2 characteristics of impetigo?
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-crusty peeling skin
-contagious |
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Which bacteria is associated with numerous diseases?
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staph aureus
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Name the 4 enzymes that are virulence factors of staphylococcus aureus?
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-coagulase
-hyaluronidase -staphylokinase -lipases |
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Necrotizing fasciitis is cause by what bacteria?
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strep pyogenes
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Name the 3 tissue digesting enzymes:
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-streptokinase
-streptolysins -hyaluronidase |
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Name the main characteristic of necrotizing fasciitis:
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rapidly spreading cellulitis
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Whats the mortality rate on flesh eating strep
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30-70%
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Name 2 characteristics of leprosy:
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slow progressing
change in pigmentation |
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How is leprosy transmitted ( 2 ways)
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droplet
skin contact |
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Name 3 bacterium that live in macrophages and are happy there
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-M. leprae
-Y. pestis -R. rickettsii |
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Name 3 diseases that are spread through aerosol droplet
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smallpox
chickenpox leprosy |
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Where is local infection located in measels
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lymph nodes of the neck
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Warts and papillomas mostly a ______ infection
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benign
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How is warts virus transmitted?
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contact
fomite |
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How many types of HPV are there
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~110
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Name the 3 types of warts
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plantar
flat genital |
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Name the 4 natural defenses of the nervous system
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blood-brain barrier
macrophages microglia skull and vertebrae |
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Name the 3 viruses and 1 through toxin that can infect the nervous system
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viruses neurotoxin
arbovirus tetanus rabies poliomyelitis |
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Name the 3 bacteria that cause bacterial meningitis
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-neisseria meningitidis
-haemophilus influenzae -strep pneumoniae |
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Where is naegleria fowleri found? 3 places
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-spas
-ground water @ high temp -warm ponds |
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Naegleria meningoencephalitis originally infects _______________
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nasal mucosa
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Name 3 symptoms associated with naegleria
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-headache
-coma -dementia |
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Toxoplasmosis causes serious disease in developing fetus. Name 3 things it can cause
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-brain abnormalities
-blindness -liver damage |
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How do you prevent toxoplasmosis (2 ways)
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-no raw meat
-stay away from cat liter box |
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Name the 3 viral infections that can cause acute viral encephalitis:
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-rabies
-polio -arbovirus |
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How do you get arboviral encephalitis?
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from blood sucking creatures like mosquitoes
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Where do arboviruses live?
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lymphocytes
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Describe the path that rabies takes before it hits the brain:
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bite--muscle--grows in muscle--gets into nerves--goes to the brain--grows in the brain--gets transmitted in saliva
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Name the symptoms of valley fever:
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flu-like
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Which bacteria is a diplococcus?
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streptococcal meningitidis
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Name 5 parts of the cardiovascular system
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heart
blood vessels lymphatic system lymph nodes spleen WBC RBC |
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Name the 4 cardiovascular system defenses:
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defensins
neutrophils antibodies complement |
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Systemic infection
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infectious agents in the blood
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Name 3 bacterial infections of the blood:
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plague
lyme disease RMSF |
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Name 2 characteristics of septicemic plague
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endotoxin shock
proliferation in blood |
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Name the characteristic of pneumonic plague
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lung infection
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Name the bacteria that causes Lyme disease
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Borrelia burgdorfori
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Name the shape of B.burgdorfori
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spirochetes
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How is RSMF diagnosed?
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PCR- using flourescent antibodies on tissue samples
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Name 3 VIRAL infections of the cardiovascular system:
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-herpes
-HIV -Ebola |
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Name the 3 VIRAL hemorrhagic fevers:
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-Dengue
-Yellow -Ebola |
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Whats the 2 main characteristics of viral hemorrhagic fevers
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-bleeding
-hemorrhaging |
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What virus had an outbreak along the Mississippi river in 1905?
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Yellow Fever
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Describe the steps for the proposed lifecycle of the Ebola virus spread:
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-infected bats eat fruit--drop saliva infected fruit on ground--picked up by apes who eat it--humans hunt and eat infected apes--get disease
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Ebola is an emerging disease 1st found in what year?
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1976
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What cells does HIV infect?
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T helper
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Name the 4 main stages of HIV infection
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-infection
-2 months -variable number of years -AIDS |
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Name 3 G- bacteria:
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B. burgdorfori
Y. pestis R. rickettsii |
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Name the 3 bacteria that are happy in macrophages
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R. rickettsii
Y. pestis M. leprae |
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_______host proteins that bind antigens specifically
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antibodies
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Antibody binding sites
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epitopes
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Go through the 4 steps of where antibodies come from:
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antigen is taken up by APCs which presents them on MHC II
Th comes and binds with antigen that matches it Th divides and gets B cells with similar antigen (clonal selection) B cells then become either memory cells or plasma cells |
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Name the 4 antibody functions:
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agglutination
neutralization opsonization ADCC |
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Name the 5 classes of antibody:
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IgG
IgE IgM IgA IgD |
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Monoclonal antibodies are very useful for what 3 things:
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-therapy
-diagnosis -research |
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How is humoral immunity measured
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serology
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Name the 2 tests that test for antibodies
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rapid strep test
pregnancy test |
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Neutralizing antibodies can neutralize what 2 virulence factors
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-hemagglutination
-toxin |
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Give an example of inappropriate antibiotic use
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being given for a viral infection
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Name a factor that promotes antimicrobial resistance
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exposure to microbes that are already resistant
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operon
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multiple genes that are arranged in the same orientation and are closely linked on the DNA
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Name 1 difference between catabolism and anabolism
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catabolism=complex to simple
anabolism=simple to complex |
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Name 2 ways enzymes work
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-lower activation energy
-place for reaction to take place |
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
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Describe the 4 parts of inflammation: Not rubor but describe whats happening
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-injury and mediator release
-fluid and phagocytes enter -edema and pus formation -repair |
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Explain the MHC class I course
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Happens in the ER protease breaks down self proteins into peptides which bind to the MHC I then after it is binded is released into the golgi and sent off to be presented on outer membrane of the cell
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What makes TCR's and antibodies so diverse?
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gene recombinations
gene splicing gene cutting |
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_______cells signal infected macrophages to kill pathogens in their phagosomes
Th2 Th1 |
Th1
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________cells signal B cells to divide and make antibodies.
Th1 Th2 |
Th2
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Name 2 examples of inactivated virus vaccines:
MMR Pertussis Rabies Influenza |
Rabies
Influenza |
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Chronic asthma
Type I II III IV |
type IV
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autoimmune diabetes
I II III IV |
iv
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Name 2 ways anti-rejection drugs work:
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-block inflammation
-block T cell activity |
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Name the 3 types of vesicular or pustular rashes talked about in class:
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chicken pox
small pox cold sores |
