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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metastasos
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single/group of cells break off from primary tumor and seed some other tumor
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malignancy:
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capacity to invade surrounding tissue. benign tumore has a defined edge
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where do cancers arise from?
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a single cell-- clocal
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2 properties that define cancer cells
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1. have escaped normal constraints of growth control and thus proliferate out of control
2. invade and colonize areas of the body normally occupied by other cells |
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ex of heritable changes
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genetic
epigenetic |
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genetic
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alterations in the DNA of cell
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epigenetic
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changes in tehpattern of cellular gene expression withouut changes in teh DNA sequences
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3 classes of cancer causing agents
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chemical carcinogens
UV and ionizing radiation viruses |
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what kinds of viruses have the potential to cause cancer?
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DNA
usually RNA b/c they have reverse tran scriptase to turn RNA into DNA |
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sources of tumor antigens
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after cell undergoes mutation, it may present mutant peptide
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NK cells and recognition
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NK cells recognize that cancer cells don't have MHC Class I (NK cells activated by lack of these)
NK cells recognize receptors on the surface of cancer cells |
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what happens once NK cells are activated?
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IFN gammais produced --> macrophages, DC, increase in MHC Class II, I and CD80/86
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T cell response to tumors
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CD8 T cells can be induced by cross priming by APCs which have processed tumor cells.
IFN is v imp |
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tumor escape mechanisms
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induction of tolerance
expression of FasL or TNF lack of costim molec production of TGF beta or IL-10 induce non cytolytic Abs that msk TUmor Ags produce substances that mask tumor Ags |
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immune priveledged sites
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locations in body where immune response to antigens is not destructive or is suppressed
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examples of immune priveleged sites
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brain
testis |
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effect of latering MHC Class I expresing on CTL and NK cell killing
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when MHC Class I is expressed, CTL kill, when not expressed-- opposite
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tumor cells must have the ability to----
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stimulate angiogenesis
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myeloid derived suppressor cels
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are alternately activated macrophages they decreases production of IL-12
IL-12 is involved with developemtn of TH1 which makes IL-2 which stimulates CD8 T cells |
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CTLA4
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downregulates activation of T cells
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IL-17
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proinflammatory
but also induces angiogenesis tthat helps tumore cells smetastasize |
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gm-csf
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powerful growth factor for the development of a DC
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tumor cell transfection to enhance IR
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by vaccinating with tumor cell expressing costim or IL-2
IL-2 will enhanve proliferation and differentiation of tumor-specific T cells costim molec witll activate tumor specific T cell |
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anti tumor monoclonal Ab
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transfer of these antibodies with toxic substances attach helps target drugs
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why are attentuated better than dead vaccines
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a killed/inactivated pathogen won't infect cells, so it won't stimulate TLR ery well
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features of effective vaccines
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safe
protective gives sustained protection induces neutralizing antibody induces protective T cells practical considerations |
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advantages of live attenuated vaccines
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limited viral replication which can be a good stimulus to the immune system
progeny virions are often contained at the site of infection , which both limits spread and has an adjuvant effect infection induces a mild/subclinicaldiesase |
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disadvan of live attenutated vaccines
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reversion to wt virulence by mutation of virus
recombination with other viruses giving rise to a new virulent strain of virus virsu can also be contracted |
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adjuvants
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activate an inflammatory response by throwing something to activate TLR --> better innate response
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ISCOM: immune stimulating complexes
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lipid micelles that contain viral peptides
way of directly loading cells with specific proteins activate CD8 T cells |
