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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Examples of innate, non-cellular immune protection:
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1) Fatty acids on skin
2) Normal flora in GI tract 3) Lactic acid secretion in vagina 4) Stomach acid in gut 5) Cilia and mucous in esophageal tract 6) Lysozyme in tears and saliva 7) Flushing effect and acidity of urine |
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What phagocytic cells are located in body tissue?
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Dendritic cells, Macrophages
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What is the major phagocytic cell in the blood contributing to innate immunity?
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PMN neutrophil
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What are characteristics of immunogens?
(4 basic; 5 detail) |
- Foreign to reacting organism.
- High molecular weight. - Complex molecular structure, as found in proteins. - Polysaccharides (esp. combined with proteins to make glycoproteins). - Able to be processed and presented (Size, Complexity, Foreign, Processed + Presented) |
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What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage?
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Monocyte is in the peripheral blood, but is short-lived and migrates to tissues in 3 days.
Macrophage is differentiated from monocyte. Have different names for where in the body they are located. |
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Immunoglobulin antigen binding sites are examples of immunoglobulin:
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Idiotypes
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What is an epitope?
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The determinant site of an immunogen; site responsible for stimulating the specific immune response.
One half of the "hand-glove" match that happens with an antibody. |
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What is a hapten?
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A single epitope that is too small and non-complex to stimulate an immune response; is non-immunogenic by itself. Is an antigen but not an immunogen.
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Explain a hapten with carrier:
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When a hapten is joined to a larger carrier molecule that IS immunogenic, it will cause an immune response. Immune system will react to both hapten and carrier, and later if the hapten is encountered alone, immune system will react to the hapten.
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What is an adjuvant and how does it work (4)?
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Substance mixed with an antigen prior to immunization that enhances the immunogenicity of that antigen.
- Keeps antigen in body longer and prolongs antigen experience (antigen depot). - Enhances co-stimulatory signals/cytokines. - Enhances macrophage involvement. - Non-specifically stimulates lymphocyte proliferation. |
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What are two common human vaccine adjuvants?
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Aluminum phosphate
Aluminum |
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Three examples of antigen presenting cells:
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Macrophage
Monocyte Dendritic cell |
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What is immunoglobulin valence?
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The amount of binding sites an immunoglobulin has for use in binding antigens. Minimum valence is 2.
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What Ig exists as both a monomer and a dimer in the body?
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IgA
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What Ig is in the highest concentration in the blood?
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IgG
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What Ig activates/fixed complement?
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IgM
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What Ig crosses the placenta?
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IgG
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What Ig reacts with basophils?
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IgE
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What Ig is the largest and has the most binding sites?
How many sites? |
IgM, 10
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What Ig does not have subclasses?
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IgD
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What Ig functions as a receptor on the surface of lymphocytes?
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IgD
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What is an acute phase reaction? If it continues without a decrease, what is this called?
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A reaction that is part of the inflammatory process.
Hypersensitivity reaction. |
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What are acute phase reactants/proteins?
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Proteins that increase in concentration in the blood very rapidly at the start of an infection and then decrease back to normal levels.
Synthesized by hepatocytes in response to cytokines released from macros and monos. |
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Give examples of some acute phase proteins/reactants:
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C-reactive protein = opsonin
Complement factors C3 and C4 = opsonin and chemotaxics. Alpha-1 antitrypsin and Alpha-1 antichymotrypsin = down-regulate inflammation Haptoglobin = inhibit microbial iron uptake |
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Ig class and subclass are determined by differences and antigenic variation where?
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Constant regions of heavy and light chains
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What directs Ig specificity to an antigen?
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Variable regions of heavy and light chains
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What are the four stages of inflammation?
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1) Vasodilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow.
2) Increased permeability of vessels. 3) Phagocyte emigration via diapedesis. 4) Migration of phatocytes to area. |
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What is an allotype?
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Slight variation within an Ig class; differences in the amino acid sequences of heavy or light chains of different individuals. Subclasses of immunoglobulins.
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What is an idiotype?
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Differences in the variable regions of individual antibody molecules; determines differences in immunologic specificity of binding sites.
Hypervariable region of antibody. |
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What is an isotype?
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Differences in the constant regions of heavy chains of individual antibody molecules; Different classes of immunoglobulins.
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What are the two main effector functions of antibodies?
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Fixation of complement (results in cell lysis).
Binding to various immune cell types (activate them to perform a function) |
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What is the first Ig made by a fetus?
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IgM
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What is the first Ig to be made by virgin B cells and what do they produce on the second stimulation?
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IgM, then IgG
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What IgG subclasses bind to other cells?
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IgG-1, IgG-3
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What IgG class is worst at crossing the placenta?
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IgG-2
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What IgG subclass cannot bind complement?
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IgG-4
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What is the secretory site on the IgA molecule?
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T piece
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What form is IgA found in at secretory sites?
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Dimer
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How common are the Immunoglobulins in serum, in order?
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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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For what Ig is the role uncertain?
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IgD
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Why is IgE uncommon in the serum?
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It binds very tightly to baso/mast FC receptors BEFORE even interacting with antigen.
Being bound means it is not free in the serum. |
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What Ig conditionally binds complement?
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IgA (only when aggregated)
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What immunoglobulins do not bind complement?
What Ig is the best at binding complement? |
IgD, IgE.
IgM. |
