Immunologic Disorders (Hypersensitivity)

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albumin

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is the protein responsible for egg allergies

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first sign of systemic anaphylaxis

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difficulty breathing

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In systemic anaphylaxis ( where and what antibodies are located in the body)

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Shock tissues (where class IgE antibodies are bound to mast cells) are located throughout the body

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In atopic anaphlaxis

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also know as localized

class IgE antibodies are restricted to certain areas along portals of entry

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2 kinds of Type 1 hypersensitivity

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may be systemic or atopic (localized) Anaphylaxis

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Whats in the RhoGAM shot?

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consists of preformed anti-Rh class IgG antibodies

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Desensitization treatment

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injections of the allergen should increase leels of class IgG (blocking ) antibodies

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When class IgM or IgG antibodies join nwith soluble antigens, then

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extensive crosslinking results in increased molecular weight, forming insouluble immune complexes that may eventually lodge in tight place and initiate tissue damage

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WHat does the Rhogam shot do?

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given during pregnancy and right after the birth of each RH-positive child helps prevent the formation of anti RH antibodies in RH-negative mom

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In an exchange transfusion the blank fetal blood is replaced with RH-blood of the same ABO type

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RH- positive fetal blood is replaced

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In an exchange transfusion the RH-positive fetal blood is replaced with blank of the same ABO type

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Rh-negative blood

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Atopic anaphylaxis is

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localized to one portal of entry

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Hypersensitivity refers to

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an over reaction or allergic reaction that ends up damagin the host in some way

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What happens when allergen is binded to IgE

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IgE is located on basophoils and mast cells'

results in degranulation and histamine release; leading to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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Vasodilation and increased capilllary permeability triggered by histamine release during systemic anaphylaxsis results in (BP)

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decreased BP

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For a successful packed red cell transfusion, the ABO antigens on the erthrocytes of the donor must be complementary to the

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naturally occuring plasma antibodies of the the recipient

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I new treatment for atopic anaphylaxis involves the use of monoclonal antibodies specific for the constant region of blank antibodies preventing them from entering into mast cell membranes

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IgE

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binding of allergens to class IgE antibodies on basophils and mass cells results and blank

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degranulation and histamine release this leads to vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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hemolytic disease of the newborn

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can occur when an Rh negative mother is carrying her second or subsequent rh-positive fetus

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anaphylaxis maybe systemic or atopic (localized); it is called an immediate reaction (averaging only 20 to 30 minutes to occur) due to

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too many IgE antibodies on basophils and mast cells

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erythrocytes sites of type O blood lack A & B antigen

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lack

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urachal oils (catechols ) of poison ivy, metals in jewelry, detergents, and latex may all be responsible for

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allergic contact dermatitis occurs when haptens bind to skin proteins

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glomerylonephritis

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May occur if immune complexes are trapped in numerous glomeruli; may result in total kidney failure

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naturally occurring anti-a and anti B antibodies belong to

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class IgM

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A B and RH

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are three different antigens that may or may not be present on the surface of erythrocytes this determines your blood type

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people with type AB blood

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have a & B antigens on the cell surface and lack anti a & anti b antibodies in their plasma

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embolus

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when an immune complex travels through the blood

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thrombus

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when an immune complex forms it is called a thrombus like a blood clot when it circulates is called an embolus

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an antigen that triggers an allergic reaction is also called an

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allergen

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hay fever

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is a, generic term for URT atopic anaphylaxis from inhaled allergen: also called seasonal allergies

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another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn

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erythroblastosis fetalis

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Urticaria

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also called skin hives, are a typical indication of food allergies

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a new treatment for atopic anaphylaxis involves

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the use of monoclonal antibodies specific for the constant region of class IgE antibodies preventing them from anchoring into mast cell membrane

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cytotoxic reactions

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also called type 2 hypersensitivity results in lysis of cells having a particular surface antigen;
ABO transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) are examples

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systemic anaphylaxis

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is typically caused by injected allergens such as drugs or venoms

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what is the recommended treatment for systemic anaphylaxis

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a shot of epinephrine aka adrenaline because it causes bronchial dilation and vasoconstriction

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how are capillaries throughout the body affected during systemic anaphylaxis

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causes edema (swelling) of the face and extremities occurs as plasma leaks out into the tissues

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Erythrocytes of Rh positive blood

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have the Rh antigen

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cell-mediated hypersensitivity

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also called types 4 reactions is a delayed response examples include TB testing, allergic contact dermatitis, and transplant rejection

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epinephrine

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also called adrenaline is used to treat systemic anaphylaxis because it causes bronchial dilation and vasoconstriction

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erythroblastosis Fatalis

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also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn HDN

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a new treatment for a topic anaphylaxis involves the use of monoclonal antibodies specific for the blank region of class IgE antibodies preventing them from entering into mast cell membrane

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constant

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what is used as treatment for atopic( localized) anaphylaxis, such as hay fever

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Benadryl and other antihistamines

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skin hives that are typical indication of food allergies are called

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Urticaria

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immune complex reactions

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also called type 3 hypersensitivity occurs when classes IgM or IgG antibodies combined with a soluble antigen; cross linking forms immune complexes that can lodge anywhere activating complement and causing extensive damage

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damage occurs from immune complexes that form with either class blank or blank antibodies because they have complement binding sites

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IgG or IgM

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people with type A blood

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lack anti A antibodies in their plasma because they have a alligence on their red blood cells

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a Rhogam shot during pregnancy and right after the birth of each Rh positive child helps prevent formation of anti RH antibodies and in a Rh negative mother, so she will not develop

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memory cells

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what happens to blood pressure when histamine causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

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drops

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hemolytic anemia

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is an example of type 2 (cytotoxi)c hypersensitivity ;
haptrn molecules of a drug (like aspirin) accumulate on the surface of erythrocytes and stimulate an immune response that lyses them

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history release initiate

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inflammation

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hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when an RH blank mother is carrying her second rh-positive fetus

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negative

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type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are referred to as blank

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immediate because they occur quickly:
20 to 30 minutes average

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hypersensitivity refers to an

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allergic reaction( over reaction/ that ends up damaging the host

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allergic contact dermatitis occurs when Hapten binds to skin proteins: ureshiols( blank) of poison ivy cosmetics deodorant metals and jewelry and late text me all be responsible

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catechols

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hemolytic transfusion reaction if the wrong ABO blood type is given to a patient

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example of type 2 cytotoxic hypersensitivity; too many RBCs lyss too quickly too much hemoglobin is released in the liver can't handle it all at once increased bilirubin and biliverdin then levels are toxic to tissues, resulting in jaundice nausea chills fever shock and death

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aroma

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a form of atopic (localized) anaphylaxis that involves bronchial construction in the lower respiratory tract and that may be fatal: epinephrine and or a rescue inhaler (like albuteral) that causes bronchial dilation are treatments

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what should a person with allergic contact dermatitis choose

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products are labeled hypoallergenic

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type 2 hypersensitivity (cytotoxic) reactions involve classes IgM or IgG antibodies + cellular antigen + complement the result is

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cytolysis: lysis of the cell

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a new treatment for atopic anaphylaxis involves the use of monoclonal blank that are specific for the constant region of the class IgE antibodies preventing them from entering into mast cell membranes

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antibodies

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a common form of allergic contact dermatitis occurs when sensitive people touch blank and get urushiol oils called catechols on their skin

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poison ivy

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anaphylaxis

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may be systemic or a opic it is referred to as an immediate reaction averaging 20 to 30 minutes to occur and is due to too many class IgE antibodies on basophils and mast cells

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anaphylaxis is triggered by class IgE antibodies on blank coming in contact with their allergen

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mast cells and basophils

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this occurs when haptens bind to skin protein urushiol oils(catechols) of poison ivy cosmetics Julie metal detergents and latex may all be responsible

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allergic contact dermatitis

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type 2 hypersensitivity also called cytotoxic reactions involve IgM or IgG antibodies + Cellular antigen + blank, result is cytolysis: lysis of the cell

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complement

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degranulation

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refers to the bursting of mast cells in shock tissues and the release of histamine which triggers inflammation

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what causes increased plasma leakage

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increased capillary permeability

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desensitization

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this is one way to prevent anaphylaxic shock it is estimated to be 80 percent effective, the allergens injected in increasing dosage is to increase IgG (blocking antibody) levels, the only other way to prevent is avoidance

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what happens when blood pressure drops rapidly during systemic anaphylaxis

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shock

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some people are allergic to blank the protein in milk. milk allergy is not the same as lactose intolerance

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casein

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what happens to the heart rate during systemic anaphylaxis

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the heart rate rises in response to excess plasma leakage at capillary beds all over the body

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type 4 hypersensitivity

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also called delayed requires a primary exposure involving foreign antigen binding to host tissue cells, response to subsequent exposures takes one to two days, the TB test is an example

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epinephrine

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the recommended treatment to increase blood pressure during systemic anaphylaxis by causing vasoconstriction

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shock tissues

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tissues with extensive mast cells is class IgE antibodies on their surface

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various metals expescially nickel in costume jewelry and chrome are common causes of

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allergic contact dermatitis

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occurs as a result of the immune complexes that large and joint capsules

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rheumatoid arthritis

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used to test skin for allergic contact dermatitis

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patch test

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seasonal allergies are often called

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hay fever

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during desensitization treatments, injections of the allergen the allergen should increase levels of blank

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IgG the blocking allergy

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asthma

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a form of a topic (localized/ anaphylaxis that involves bronchial construction and the lower respiratory tract and that may be fatal ;
epinephrine and or a rescue inhaler like albuteral that causes bronchodilation are treatments

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type 2 hypersensitivity involves

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cytotoxic
cellular antigen + IgM or IgG antibodies + complement resulting in lysis of the cell with that antigen

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wheat and other grain allergies are due to the presence of the protein

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gluten