Immunobiology

Front 1

Name some pathogen recognition receptors.

Back 1

Mannose Receptor
LPS Receptor
TLRs (toll like receptors)
Glucan Receptor
Scavenger Receptor
NOD proteins
cytosolic receptors for viral RNA recognition

Front 2

Name some PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns)

Back 2

mannose rich oligosaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipopolysaccharides, bacterial DNA, flagellan, double stranded RNA (viruses)

Front 3

What are the 3 different ways the complement cascade can be initiated?

Back 3

Classic
Mannose binding lectin
Alternative

Front 4

How are pathogens eliminated by eating?

Back 4

Bacterium attaches to pseudopodia, Ingestion to form phagosome, Fusion to lysosome containing enzymes and toxins, Digestion, Release of digested products.

Front 5

What are innate cells that eliminate by eating?

Back 5

Macrophage, Neutrophil

Front 6

What are innate cells that eliminate by shooting?

Back 6

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast Cell, NK cell

Front 7

What are the innate immune cells that "show" antigen to adaptive immune cells?

Back 7

Dendritic Cells
Macrophages

Front 8

What are the types of adaptive immune cells?

What does each recognize?

Back 8

B cells - recognize soluble antigen
T cells - recognize antigen presented on the surface of another cell

Front 9

What is the difference between where you can find B cell receptors, vs. T cell receptors?

Back 9

B cell receptors can sit on the B cell membrane or can be secreted and made soluble.
T cell receptors must stay on T cell membrane.

Front 10

Explain the clonal selection hypothesis.

Back 10

Each lymphocyte bears a single type of receptor with unique specificity.
Interaction between a pathogen and a lymphocyte leads to activation.
Differentiated effector cells derived from an activated lymphocyte will bear receptors with identical specificity.
Lymphocytes bearing receptors for self molecules are deleted at an early stage and so absent at maturity.

Front 11

Describe the circulation pattern of naive lymphocytes.

Back 11

Naive lymphocytes migrate from the blood into a lymph node (using special homing molecules), then traffic through the lymphatics from the lymph node to lymph node until they re-enter the blood via the thoracic duct. This pattern is repeated over and over, unless a lymphocyte is activated.

Front 12

What is lymph?

Back 12

Interstitial fluid extracted from the blood by filtration across capillary endothelium

Front 13

What is the draining lymph node?

Back 13

The lymph node closest to the infection.

Front 14

When a dendritic cell binds to a T cell, what else does it need to activate?

Back 14

Antigen-receptor binding, and Co-stimulation between the dendritic cell and the T cell.
(also applies to between the Tcell and Bcell)

Front 15

Tcells differentiate into what types of cells? Describe them.

Back 15

Effector T cells - get used up and die in the tissues
Memory T cells - circulate between blood and tissue without going through lymph node.

Front 16

What's a chemokine?

Back 16

Secreted protiens that attract cells bearing chemokine receptors: neutrophils, monocytes (and finally activated lymphocytes) respond and are called to the site.

Front 17

What are cytokines?

Back 17

Secreted proteins that affect the behavior of other cells bearing a receptor that the cytokine can bind. They act on endothelial cells of the blood vessels, increasing permeability, which increases the flow of lymph and facilitates entry of recruited cells into the tissues.

Front 18

What are the hallmarks of inflammation?

Back 18

Redness, Pain, Swelling

Front 19

Briefly describe what occurs locally after macrophages bind to bacteria via PRRs.

Back 19

Macrophages phagocytose the bacteria and degrade it, release cytokines and chemokines which increases permeability for recruiting of more monocytes that turn into macrophages (also neutrophils and t and b cells)

Front 20

How do T cells know which type of effector cell it should differentiate into?

Back 20

Cytokines

Front 21

Name some of the mechanical barriers to infection (and where they are).

Back 21

Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions (skin, gut, lungs, eyes, nose), longitudinal air flow (skin, gut), movement of mucus by cilia (lungs), tears (eyes), nasal cilia (nose).

Front 22

What are some of the chemical barriers to infection?

Back 22

Fatty acids, low pH, enzymes (pepsin), antibacterial peptides, enzymes in tears (lysozyme)

Front 23

What is the microbial barrier to infection?

Back 23

Normal flora

Front 24

What are professional phagocytes?

Back 24

Macrophages (when immature, called monocytes) - the two types are Kupffer cells (liver) and Microglial cells (neuronal tissue)
Neutrophil - circulate in blood, enter tissues when called - polymorphonuclear

Front 25

What do lysosomes contain?

Back 25

Acidification substances
Anti-microbial peptides
Enzymes
Acid hydrolases
Competitors

Front 26

What happens immediately after a phagocyte recognizes a mirobe?

Back 26

A respiratory burst - NADPH oxidase converts O2 molecules to O2-. A second enzyme, superoxide dismutase, converts the superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase enzymes and iron further convert the hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite ions and hydroxyl radicals

Front 27

Describe the inflammatory response.

Back 27

Cytokines produced by macrophages cause dilation of local small blood vessels which increases local blood flow (heat & redness).This causes decreased velocity of blood flow at the same time they're increasing expression of cell adhesion molecules. Leukocytes move to periphery of blood vessel, then extravasate at site of infection, then blood clotting occurs in the microvessels (pain).