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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which type of immunity has antigen specificity?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has clonal response?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has recognition by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
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innate immunity
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Which type of immunity has recognition by detaled molecular structures (antigenic epitopes)?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has antigen-presenting cell (APC) dependence?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has a short time to peak response (hours)?
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innate immunity
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Which type of immunity has a long time to peak response (days/weeks)?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has memory?
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adaptive immunity
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Which type of immunity has an ancient evolutionary age (present in plants and animals)?
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innate immunity
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Which type of immunity is present in vertebrates (recent evolutionary age)?
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adaptive immunity
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Is there communication between cells of innate and adaptive immunity?
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yerpz
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What are the ultimate products of adaptive immunity?
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specific antibodies and effector T-cells
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What are the responding lymphocytes in humoral immunity?
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B-lymphocytes
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What is the function of humoral immunity?
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block infections and eliminate extracellular microbes
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How is humoral immunity transferred?
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via serum (antibodies); no memory is transferred w/ the antibody molecules, only current specificity and function
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What 2 microbes does cell mediated immunity deal with?
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phagocytosed microbes in a macrophage and intracellular microbes (viruses) replicating within an infected cell
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How is cell-mediated immunity transferred?
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T-lymphocytes, may be memory cells
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What is the function of cell-mediated immunity?
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has two pathways: activates macrophages to kill phagocytosed microbes or kills infected cells (via helper T lymphocyte) and eliminates reserviors of infection (via cytotoxic T lymphocyte)
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What are the 2 products of native Cd4+ T Cell?
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TH1 cell and TH2 cell
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What do TH1 cells secrete and do?
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secretes IFN-gamma and TNF; activates macrophages and cell mediated immunity
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What do TH2 cells secrete and do?
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secrete IL-10 and IL-4; inhibits microbicidal function of macrophages (inhibits TH1 path) and favors production of antibpdies (especially IgE type for allergic reactions)
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How does innate immunity protect against viruses?
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type I IFN is secreted creating an antiviral state => protects against spread of viral infection to other neighboring cells; natural killer cells attack and destroy infected cell
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How does adaptive immunity protect against viruses?
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protection against infection by neutralization by antibody; eradication of established infection by killing infected cells by CD8+ CTL
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What are endogenous antigens and what T cells are associated with their processing and presentation?
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antigens that are expressed from within the cell (intracellular); associated with CD8+-MHCI
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What are exogenous antigens and what T cells are associated with their processing and presentation?
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infectious agents that are phagocytosed; associated with CD4+ - MHCII => leads to production of specific antibodies (especially IgA and IgG)
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In this hypersensitivity, immediate hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE, primary cellular components are mast cells or basophils, and the reaction is modified and/or amplified by platelets, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
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type I hypersensitivity
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This hypersensitivity is mediated by antibodies of IgM or IgG classes, as well as phagocytes and K cells. The lestion contains antibody, complement, and neutrophils.
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type II hypersensitivity
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This hypersensitivity is mediated by soluble immune complexes mostly IgG (maybe some IgM) with antigens being exogenous and endogenous and soluble and not attached to the organ involved. Primary components are immune complexes and complement (C3a, 4a, 5a), and damage is caused by platelets and neutrophils.
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type III hypersensitivity
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This hypersensitivity can be classified into 3 categories: contact, tuberculin, granuloma. It is involved in pathogenesis of many autoimmune and infectious diesease and granulomas due to infections and foreign antigens. It is cell-mediated (sensitized T lymphocytes)
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type IV hypersensitivity
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What is the TH1 response?
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activation of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages by INF-gamma and high levels of IgG.
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What is the TH2 response?
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produces IL-4 and large amounts of IgE (needed for allergies) and inhibits the production of IgG and cytotoxic T cells
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What is Tbet?
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a transcription factor expressed by TH1 cells that promotes the secretion of IFN-gamma
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What is GATA3?
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a transcription factor expressed by TH2 cells that promotes the secretion of IL-4 and associated IL-5 and IL-13
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What are ssRNA (+) sense genomes?
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replicate by synthesis of (-) sense RNA on a (+) sense template; ex: coronavirus, flavivirus,, astrovirus, picornavirus
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What are ssRNA (-) sense genomes?
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begins with transcription of virion-associated RNA-dependent RNA polymerase; ex: arenavirus, orthomyxovirus, paramyxoviirus, rhadovirus
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What is tissue tropism?
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viruses need a specific cell type or tissue to replicate
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How do viruses spread?
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cell-to-cell or by phagocytic cells and lymph nodes
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What is primary viremia?
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stage where virus enters the bloodstrem
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What is secondary viremia?
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when the virus spills back into the blood after replicating in the appropriate cell type
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What is a latent virus?
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a virus that can't be found in the body except for genetic invormaiton
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What is a persistent virus?
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a virus with limited amount of viral genetic information that is expressed, or limited chronic multiplication occurs within the body -> may not cause severe disease or virus may persist for a long time
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What are subcutaneous mycoses?
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diseases caused by saprophytic fungi (from soil) that enter tissue, usually through trauma
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What are systemic mycoses?
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virulent diseases acquired most often through inhalation - fungal pneumonias
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What do the antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin B do?
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targe membrane sterols of yeast
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What do the antibiotics miconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole do?
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target ergosterol biosynthesis of yeast
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What does the antibiotic griseofulvin do?
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targets microtubular function of yeast
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Infection by viruses and bacteria causes what type of T cell response?
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activation of TH1 CD4+ T cells (INF-gamma)
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Infection by parasites causes what type of T cell response?
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activation of TH2 CD4+ T cells (IL-4, IL-5)
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