Immuno-Overview

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immunity

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All mechanisms by which the body protects against foreign agents

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Two “arms” of immune response

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1)Innate immunity
2)Acquired (adaptive) immunity

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First line defenses

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Barriers: skin & mucus membranes

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Second line defenses

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1) phagocytosis
2)complement protien activation
3)inflammation
4)Fever
5)NK (natural killer cells)

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cells that phagocytize

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1)neutrophils
2) monocytes/macrophages (differentiated monocytes)

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Complement Protien activation

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cell lysis, inflammation, and opsonization (tag microbe for signal for macrophage or neutrophil distruction)

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Acquired immunity _______ with exposure

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improves

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First and second line defences are part of _______ immunity

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innate

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Third line defense

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activation of B- and T-lymphocytes

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B cells recognize ___________ Ag

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cell bound OR soluable

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B cells produce ________

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Antibodies

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Antigen is a __________

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ANTIbody GENerator

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B cells are involved in ________ mediated immunity

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humoral

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T cells recognize ___________ Ag

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cell bound

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T cells produce _________

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cytokines

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T cells are involved in ________ immunity

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cell mediated

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cytokines

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direct other cells

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some define two levels of hierarchy of host responses --what would this refer to

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First line – innate
Second line - adaptive

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mechanisms of innate immunity

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rapid response (hours)
fixed
limited number of specificities
constant during response

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mechanisms of adaptive immunity

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slow response (days to weeks)
variable
numerous highly specific specificities
improve during response

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The adaptive response is due to ___________

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B cells and T cells

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Major properties: acquired immunity

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Recognition of Self versus Non-self

Specificity

Heterogeneity/Adaptability/Diversity

Memory

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B cells maturation occurs in

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Bone marrow

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T cells maturation occurs in

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begins in bone marrow and then thymus

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Self-reactive B & T cells

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should be destroyed early in development of B and T cells.

Self reactive B cells should be destroyed in the bone marrow

self reactive T cells should be destroyed in thymus

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Self-reactive cells not destroyed often undergo

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Ag tolerance

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Specificity is determined by

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antigen receptors

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B cell receptor

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(BCR; Ab) on B cell

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T cell receptor

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(TCR) on T cells

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B cell Ab has 2 chains what are they

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heavy chain
light chain

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T cell receptor has 2 chains

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alpha and beta chain

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Variable region

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end part that changes specific to specific antibody

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Constant region

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does not change

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Ab that can be membrane bound or secreted

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B cell

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Heterogeneity/Adaptability/Diversity

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ability to mount various responses depending on the properties of the microbe
intracellular vs. extracellular microbes

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Specificity

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response against one microbe generally will not be helpful against another microbe

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Recognition of Self versus Non-self

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acquired defenses must learn to distinguish self from non-self and to sense “danger”

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Memory

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allows for a quicker response
Rationale for vaccines

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_______ recognizes soluble Ag

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B cells

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B cell Ags can be:

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protein or carbohydrate (most common)
nucleic acid or lipid (rare)

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epitope dependant on conformation of protein (Denaturation will often
prevent Ab binding.)

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discontinuous epitope

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epitope not dependant on conformation of protein (not bothered by denaturation)

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linear epitope

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________ recognize processed Ag presented with the MHC

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T cells

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MHC

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flagpole holding up piece of chopped up pathogen marking the cell for T cell destruction

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What are the 2 major types of T cells and what MCH class do they recognize.

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CD8+ (recognize MHC class I); CD4+ (recognize MHC class II)

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T cell receptor has 2 chains

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alpha and beta chain

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Variable region

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end part that changes specific to specific antibody

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Constant region

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does not change

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Ab that can be membrane bound or secreted

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B cell

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Heterogeneity/Adaptability/Diversity

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ability to mount various responses depending on the properties of the microbe
intracellular vs. extracellular microbes

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Specificity

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response against one microbe generally will not be helpful against another microbe

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Recognition of Self versus Non-self

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danger vs. non danger

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Major properties: acquired immunity

Memory

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allows for a quicker response
Rationale for vaccines

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_______ recognizes soluble Ag

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B cells

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B cell Ags can be:

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protein or carbohydrate (most common)
nucleic acid or lipid (rare)

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epitope dependant on conformation of protein (Denaturation will often
prevent Ab binding.)

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discontinuous epitope

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epitope not dependant on conformation of protein (not bothered by denaturation)

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linear epitope

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________ recognize processed Ag presented with the MHC

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T cells

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MHC

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flagpole holding up piece of chopped up pathogen marking the cell for T cell destruction

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What are the 2 major types of T cells and what MCH class do they recognize.

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CD8+ (recognize MHC class I); CD4+ (recognize MHC class II)

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T cells work best with

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best against intracellular Ags
protein/peptide Ags (peptide Ags can associate with the MHC molecules)

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Steps in the T cell recognition of Ag

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1) Macrophage eats and degrades bacteria, producing peptides
2)Bacterial peptides are bound by MHC class II in vesicles
3)Bacterial peptides are transported by the MCH class IIs to the surface of the cell
4)Th1 cells recognize the complex of peptide Ag w/ MCH class II and activates the macrophage

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Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

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present protein Ags to T cells (T helper cells; CD4+ T cells)
T cell can then become activated and produce cytokines (regulatory)

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“Professional” APCs

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Macrophages (Mf), Dendritic cells (DC), and B cells
present Ag in association with the major histocompatibility complex II (MHC class II)

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How can adaptive responses recognize millions of Ags?

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Somatic cell gene rearrangement

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Immunoglobulin is the same thing as

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Antibody

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Abs made up of __________

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heavy and light chain

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When immune cells are activated, they produce

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effector cells & memory cells

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Memory is characteristic of _________ cells

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B and T cells

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Memory

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Rationale for vaccination

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Memory cells allow for

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increased affinity upon subsequent exposure to same Ag

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Primary immune response

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~2 weeks (initial response)

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Secondary immune response

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versus a few days (memory response)

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Steps in Ag specific cell proliferation and production of memory cells

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1)during development, progenitor cells give rise to large numbers of lymphocytes each with a different specificity

2)in pool of circulating lymphocytes one fits with encountered antigen

3)proliferation and differentiation of pathogen activated lymphocytes form clones of effector cells

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secondary response ab production is ________ higher than primary response

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1000s of times

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Vaccine

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– use the immune system to protect against infectious disease

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Types of vaccines

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1) attenuated microbe – best — can cause disease in some patients

2) heat-killed / chemically killed microbe

3) Toxoids- toxin microbe produces

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Passive vaccination

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immune system products from another
e.g., Mothers milk (presence of IgA)
Gamma-globulin (anti-bee venom, anti-hepatitis A, etc)

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Active vaccination

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stimulate individuals immune system to produce memory cells

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Overview of immune response

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The Ag presenting cell (usually a B cell, macrophage, or DC) presents via the MHCII the antigen to the antigen receptor (TCR) on the T helpor cell. The T helper cell is the general which orders around the other cells using cytokynes. Cytokines can do several things 1) stimulate
production of more Th cells 2) stimulate B cells to become memory B cells and Ab-secreting plasma cells. 3) stimulated Tc cells to lyse cells bearing Ag/MHC class I 4) Increased activity 5) Interferon activates NK cells to non-specifically lyse virally-infected cells