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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Regulator cells
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produce cytokines that can enhance or suppress immune and inflammatory responses
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Helper T cells
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which regulate the activity of other cell types via cytokines or direct
cell-to-cell contact (e.g., helper T cells influence antibody production by B cells) |
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Cytotoxic T cells (CTL)
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which kill virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and transplants
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Helper and Regulator T cells are what phenotype?
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CD3+/CD4+
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Cytotoxic and Suppressor T cells are what pheotype?
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CD3+/CD8+
(That cell ATE the antigen and killed it) |
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What is CD?
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CD means cluster of differentiation and are proteins located on the leucocyte surfaces. All the Tcells have CD3+ expressed
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What are the subsets of CD4+ T cells? How are they defined?
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TH1, TH2, TH17, and regulatory T cells.
-they are defined by the cytokines they produce |
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What does TH1 produce
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Th1, a CD4+ T cell, produced Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) cytokine and IL-2
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Main function of IFN-gamma
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Activates macrophages so they can enhance and increase the phagocytic activity and kill things intercellularly. example of adaptive immune system interfacing with and helping a natural defense mechanism (T-cells helping macrophages)
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What does TH2 T-cells produce?
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release cytokines such as
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13. they help activate B-cell activation and production of antibody. HELP B CELL FUNCTION. |
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what stimulates the allergic response?
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IL-4 and IL-13 (both made by TH2 T cells)
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What does TH-17 t cells do?
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release IL-17, which are important for the inflammatory reactions. RECRUIT NEUTROPHILS. related to rheumatoid arthritis.
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What do regulatory T cells do?
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regulatory means inhibitory, so they suppress the immune response.
release the TGF-beta and IL-10 for inhibitory function. |
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Describe T cell receptor
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alpha and beta proteins. similar to Ig, in that they form domains that form variable and constant regions. Antigen binding site is at the variable regions of the two proteins
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What is associated with the t-cell receptors that allows cytoplasmic interaction?
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Since the T-cell receptor doesnt go into the cytoplasm much, they have proteins in the cytoplasm. These are called CD3!!!!!!!!
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What is CD3
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group of proteins on the surface of all functional, mature T cells, that's involved in the signal transduction and activation of T cells.
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What's the difference between the alpha and beta regions of the T cell receptor?
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Alpha is encoded by 2 segments (V and J) and beta is encoded by 3 segments, (V,J and D). RAG is involved in the combination of segments.
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What are the important points of the signaling from the membrane to the nucleus?
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There's a cascade of phosphorylation and kinase enzymes, and involved with intracellular calcium which leads to transcription factors and translation. This all starts with CD3 on the T cell receptor.
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The Thymus
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Develop and mature in the Thymus gland. Start in the cortex, and then move to medulla when mature where they have receptors, then go out to the periphery.
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which t cells do we want, and which don't we want?
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if the t-cell binds to a self-protein, we don't want that t-cell.
-if the t cell receptor binds to an antigen with too much of an affinity, it's given the signal to die by apoptosis. -self reactive t cells will be eliminated in the thymus gland!! most are eliminated in the thymus gland (~95%) |
