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9 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which immunoglobulins are made first in an immune response, and how do they compare to each other?
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IgM and IgD are made first, and since they have the same variable regions, they have the same specificity to the same antigens.
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What is RAG 1 and 2, and what disease is associated with bad RAGs?
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Recombinase Activating Gene, helps the process of recombination (putting together the V,J, and Ds). If something is wrong with RAG, you can get SCID.
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What are the gene segments that make up the light chains and heavy chains?
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Light chains are encoded by 2 gene segments, V and J, and a constant region. Heavy chains are encoded by V, J and D, and a constant region.
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What does TdT do?
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Terminal Deoxynucleotidal Transferase; there at the same time as the developing cells, and it RANDOMLY ADDS NUCLEOTIDES to the developing segments. So even if 2 cells choose the same gene segments, they won't encode the same protein because additional nucleotides are being added at random in between those segments.
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Although very little immunglobulin is bound into the cytoplasm, how do you still send signals to the cell nucleus?
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Ig-alpha and Ig-beta are in the cytoplasm and help the signal move to the nucleus. Use a phosphorylation cascade down to the nucleus and DNA.
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What is isotype switching?
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B cell is activated, proliferates, some of the clones produced will switch isotype from IgM to one of the others. IgM in first response, then others for secondary or longer lasting responses.
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Compare IgM and IgG coefficient for binding with an antigen.
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IgM has less affinity for the antigen than IgG. Even though IgM has a quicker response, the IgG has the higher affinity. Over time, the IgG affinity will continue to increase.
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What helps determine what the isotype is switched to?
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T-cells influence the isotype switching. T-cells produce cytokines which do the influencing. For example, IL-4 influences IgE isotype switching.
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How can you get Burkitt's Lymphoma?
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A translocation of an oncogene (cancer-causing gene), like MYC gene can be translocated from chromosome 8 to be put close to the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene on chromosome 14. This means, that this oncogene is removed from its normal regulation and put in closer proximation to the immunoglobulin genes, is expressed to much, then you get cancer.
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