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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up most of the weight of bacteria
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ribosomes
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Primary function of pili
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Adhesion to specific sites on human cells
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Bacteria nucleoid is made of
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chromosome: a single closed circle of double stranded DNA
Plasmid: smaller circles of DNA often carrying genes for antibiotic resistance or toxin production |
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Where is the site of metabolic activity?
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The cytoplasm. it's packed with ribosomes (groups of them called polysomes), and inclusion bodies (storage granules and gas vacuoles). Ribosomes are ths ity for antibiotics
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Describe the cell wall of the gram POSITIVE bacteria
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-THICK peptidoglycan layer
-lipoteichoic acids go through wall and are anchored in the membrane |
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Describe the cell wall of the gram NEGATIVE bacteria
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-THIN peptidoglycan layer
-OUTER MEMBRANE with outer leaflet of ENDOTOXIN, O-antigen polysaccharides, LIPID A, PORINS (transport larger materials into the cell) |
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Where is lysozyme found?
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in the peptidoglycan layer (aka murein layer). In the cell wall, there is cross-linking in 2 dimensions between peptides.
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Where do antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporin and vancomysin work?
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action against formation of the cell wall so it can't maintain structure so the bacteria is killed.
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What goes on in the periplasmic space?
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contain digestive enzymes
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Contents of gram POSITIVE envelop
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-capsule (slime layer)
-murein layer, thick -cytoplasmic membrane *eventhing from the cell membrane on out |
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Contents of gram NEGATIVE envelop
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-capsule
-outer membrane -muerin layer, thin -cytoplasmic membrane |
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Gram stain steps
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crystal violet
gram's iodine alcohol safranin counterstain gram + is purple gram - is pink |
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Pili vs Flagella
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Pili- attachment
Flagella- motility, driven by proton motive force, chemotaxis |
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Clockwise vs. Counterclockwise spinning of flagella
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CCW-swim straight
CW- random tumbling |
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When do you have spores?
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Sporulation induced by starvation. Germinate when conditions become favorable.
Spores don't have metabolic activity, resist adverse environmental situations. |
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Spore formation
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Membrane b/w two parts of cell: forespore develops--> thickened wall with dipicolinic acid (calcium chelator)--> ionic cross-linkning, dehydration, and shrinking--> cells lyse and release spores
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Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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prokaryotic- small; no compartments, no organelles; single circular chromosome; mad ribosomes; ex bacteria
eukaryotic- large; compartments like a nuclear membrane; presence of lysosomes. |
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Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism
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Mutualism- both benefit
Commensalism- one benefits, other unharmed Parasitism- one benefits, other harmed |
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Pathogenicity vs. Virulance
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Pathogenicity- ability to inflict damage
Virulence- relative degree of pathogenicity |
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Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity
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Invasiveness from colonization and bypassing host defense, perhaps with substances to help invade
Toxigenesis- blood/lymph transport, so it's soluble |
