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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the immune system know what is dangerous?
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Danger-associated molecular patterns
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns Pyrogens |
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Danger-associated molecular patterns - what spills out of the cells and what is bound to it?
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Danger-associated molecular patterns
Adenosine (ATP) spills out of cells; it is bound by heat shock protein (HSP) |
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Danger-associated molecular patterns
heat shock protein (HSP) is detected by what and where? |
HSP is detected by TLR2 and TLR4 on surfaces of APCs and mast cells
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Danger-associated molecular patterns
TLR 4 also detects what? |
TLR 4 also detects host cell fibrinogen, heparin, and hyaluronic acid
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, RNA is detected by
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
RNA is detected by TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 in vesicles of APCs |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, what is detected by TLR9 and where?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Unmethylated CpG is detected by TLR9 in vesicles of APCs |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, what detects various bacterial products on APC surfaces?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Both TLR 2 and TLR4 (eg LPS) detect various bacterial products on APC surfaces |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns - describe the lectin pathway
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
MBL (collectin) → C4 → C2 → C3 → C5 → (C6 C7 C8) → C9“Lectin pathway” |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, describe the classical pathway
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
IgM/IgG → C1(qrs)→ C4 → C2 → C3 → C5 → (C6 C7 C8) → C9“Classical pathway” |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, describe the alternative pathway
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Cell membrane → C3 → B → C3 → C5 → (C6 C7 C8) → C9“Alternate pathway” |
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, what are the anaphylotoxins?
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Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,
Anaphylotoxins: C4a, C3a, C5a |
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Name 3 pyrogens and where they are released from:
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Pyrogens (IL1, IL-6, TNF) are released from activated macrophages and dendritic cells (APC)
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Name a chemokine pyrogen and why they are released
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Chemokines (eg IL-12) are released to attract and activate immune cells
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How does the immune system tailor its response to the type of threat?
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How does the immune system tailor its response to the type of threat?
Intracellular pathogens → Th1-cells Extracellular pathogens → Th17-cells Multicellular pathogens → Th2-cells Help for B-cells |
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Intracellular pathogens → Th1-cells release what? for what?
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Intracellular pathogens → Th1-cells:
IL-2, IFN-γ macrophages, killer T-cells, NK, NKT |
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Extracellular pathogens → Th17-cells release what and for what?
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Extracellular pathogens → Th17-cells:
IL-17, IL-21, IL-22 neutrophils |
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Multicellular pathogens → Th2-cells, release what? for what?
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Multicellular pathogens → Th2-cells:
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 basophils, eosinophils, IgE/mast cells |
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when the immune system tailor its response to the type of threat, what kind of help does it do for b-cells?
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Help for B-cells: isotype switching, affinity maturation, memory
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Which Ig's does neutralization?
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IgG1-IgG4, IgA, and some from IgM
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Which Ig's does Opsonization?
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IgG1>>IgG3, some from IgG4, IgM and IgA
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Which Ig's does sensitization for killing by NK cells?
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IgG1 and IgG3
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Which Ig's does sensitization for Mast cells?
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IgE
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Which Ig's activates the complement system?
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IgM, IgG3>>IgG1, some from IgG2 and IgA
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Which Ig's does NOT activate the complement system?
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IgG4!!!
IgD IgE |
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Which Ig's transports across the epithelium?
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IgA enters gut, etc.
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Which Ig's transports across the placenta?
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IgG1, IgG3
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Which Ig's diffuse into extravascular sites?
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IgG1-IgG4 and IgA
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Regarding the immune's Ab response, what kind of exposure promotes reactivity?
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Episodic exposure promotes reactivity
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Regarding the immune's Ab response, what kind of exposure promotes tolerance?
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Consistent exposure promotes tolerance
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Exposure through ____ promotes reactivity
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Exposure through skin promotes reactivity
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Exposure through ____ promotes tolerance
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Exposure through intestines promotes tolerance
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Concurrent ________ promotes reactivity
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Concurrent danger signals promotes reactivity
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__________ promotes tolerance
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Lack of danger signals promotes tolerance
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what type of substances promote reactivity?
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Proteins promote reactivity
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what type of substances are less immunogenic?
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Sugars and fats are less immunogenic
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How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
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How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
TNF TGF-B IL-10 |
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How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
TNF - comes from whre and inhibits by_______ |
How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
Macrophages, TH1, stressed tissue Promoting apoptosis Also causes cachexia (anorexia, weakness, wasting) |
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How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
TGF-B - comes from whre and inhibits by_______ |
How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
Stressed tissue, Tregs Promoting apoptosis |
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How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
IL-10 comes from whre and inhibits by_______ |
How do you stop T-cells once the danger is gone?
Th2, monocytes, mast cells, Tregs Inhibits: IFN-γ, MHC, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, GM-CSF, NK killing Promotes B cells |
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Inhibition of T cells:
Recognition without co-stimulation produces _______ |
Recognition without co-stimulation: Anergy
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Inhibition of T cells:
Negative co-stimulation produces_________ |
Negative co-stimulation: CRLA-4
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Inhibition of T cells:
T-regs produce_______ |
T-regs: TGF-β, IL-10
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Inhibition of T cells:
killer t-cells dow waht? |
Killer T-cells: apoptosis induced by fasL
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