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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vaccination
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derived from latin word for crow
revers to cowpox virus, first successful immunization used interchangeably with immunization or innoculation no one injected with cowpox anymore deliberate exposure of a person to an antigen for the purpose of developing an immune response |
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clinical inoculation
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immunization with a live antigenic microorganism, nearly always an attenuated or less virulent strain
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common sources of vaccines
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3 most common:
heat killed bacteria or viruses living attenuated bacteria or viruses purified products from the pathogen such as a protein |
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key traits for good vaccine
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safe
is a good antigen for inducing a primary immune response |
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viruses made from heat killed bacteria or viruses
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very safe (dead orgs. don't cause infection)
start out as cultures of a virulent pathogen does not always produce a strong or appropriate immune response sometimes will reduce the antigenicity of thevaccine by causing partial degradation of the surface proteins strength of immune response is not as strong as that to living organisms |
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examples of heat killed vaccines
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flu
cholera typhoid salk vaccine for polio |
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vaccines made from living attenuated bacteria or viruses
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fives best protection in terms of strenght and longevity of secondary response
mimicks effects on the body of a natural infection fina a strain of pathogenic organism that will not cause disease but will produce a good immune response usually closely related to the virulent strains but with no virulence factors patient with poor immune system may get disease even with weakened strain |
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examples of live attenuated bacteria/virus vaccines
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cowpox virus against smallpox
oral polio vaccine, weakened strain of sabin |
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vaccines mad from purified products fromthe pathogen such as a protein
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person often needs immunity to toxin made by microorganism
purified bacteria toxins that have been treated with chemicals so they are inactivated but still antigenic |
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examples of vaccines from purified products
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tetanus toxoid, purified tetanus neurotoxin
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potential problems of vaccines from purified products
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allergic reactions to the antigen or an adjunct
improperly inactivated toxoid can kill a patient if a toxoid is modified too much, it won't provide protection against the toxin |
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advantages and disadvantages to vaccination
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advantages: produces primary immmune response w/out exposure to a dangerous infections microorg; immunological memory develops; rapid production of antibodies turn potential dangerous infection into one that is quickly resolved and is usually w/out clinical symptoms
disadvantages: allergic reactions; some provide only short term immunity |
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allergies
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hypersensitive immune responses to non-threatening antigens such as pollen and perfume
involve antigens that the host is in constant contact with such as pollen from common weeds develop after several prolonged exposures to the antigen no allergic response when an antigen is encountered for the first time first exposure=alergy stimulating doses later exposure=reaction provoking doses not inherited, but tendance to develop allergies usually is |
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hypersensitive reactions
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immediate hypersensitivity
delayed hypersensitivity |
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immediate hypersensitivity
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3 types
all involve antibodies that react with the allergen because antibodies circulate in the blood these attacks are also called humoral hypersensitivity |
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examples of immediate hypersensitivity
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hay fever
asthma food allergies |
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transfusion reaction
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devastating response to a blood transfusion with the wrong blood type
an immediate hypersensitivity response |
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stimulating does
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patient is exposed to some allergic foreign molecule, starts antibody production
patient makes IgEs against the allergen IgEs bind to the mast cells, basophils and eosinophils |
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provoking dose
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patient is exposed to allergen again
mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils with specific IgEs bind to the allergen mast cells, basophils release inflammatory signal molecules eosinophils release cytotoxic substances inflammation and cell damage causes allergic symtoms |
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anaphylactic shock
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severe and sometimes fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction to a sensitizing substance: drug, vaccine, specific food, serum, allergen extract, insect venome, chemical
allergen enters blood and combines with immunoglobulins that triggers the release of histamines from mast cells IgE and IgM involved may result in airway obstruction, breathing difficulties, shock, hives, death epinephrine immediately |
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histamines
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important signals in causing localized inflammation
can cause severe acute symptons with systemic release |
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serum sickness
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if from a host other than human,serum can elicit a hyperactive or allergic response
caused by an antibody response to an antigen in the donor serum characterized by fever, swollen spleen, swollen lymph nodes, skin rash, joint pain |
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delayed hypersensitive response type IV
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cell mediated
caused by sensitized t-lymphocytes rather than antibodies involved a reaction of the skin with an a allergen sypmtoms develop 48-72 hrs later swelling, reddness, pain swollen areas filled with migrating t-cells rather than just fluids |
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example of delayed hypersensitive responses
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TB skin test
poison ivy contact dermatitis |
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provoking exposure in delayed hypersensitivity
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antigen penetrates skin to dermal layer
macrophages and t-cells migrate to the spot where the antigen is localized cytotoxic t-cells collect in the inflammation immune system cells proliferate and become active attempt to destroy the antigen, but end up damaging own tissue producing severe inflammation lesions often appear as a hard red swelling |
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autoimmune disease
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immune system attacks its own tissue
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autoantibodies in autoimmune disease
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mechanism that prevent the development of b-cell lines that make antibodies that attack molecules that are found within your own body but sometimes some b-cells may appear that make antibodies that do attak something they are not exposed to
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cytotoxic t-cells in autoimmune disease
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may also appear that attack self antigens either by antibody-mediated cytotoxic respones or an antibody-independent response
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examples of autoimmune disease
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type 1 diabetes
graves syndrome pernicious anemia rheumatic fever systemic lupus erythematosus coronary arterial disease? |
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immunodeficiency diseases
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primary: caused by genetic factors
acquired: caused by a virus or cancer that damages that immune system |
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examples of primary immunodeficiency
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SCID sever combined immunodeficiency; caused by a lack of both t-cells and b-cells
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example of acquired immunodeficiency disease
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AIDs, caused by HIV
HTLV human t-cell leukemia virus |
