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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunity
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Susceptibility: Lack of resistance to a disease.
Effected by: general health, nutrition, age, and stress. resistance, nonspecific resistance, specific resistance. |
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Resistance
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Ability to ward off disease.
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Nonspecific resistance
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Generally present
Defenses against any pathogen (not directed toward any particular pathogen) 1st line of defense |
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Specific resistance
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Immunity, resistance to a specific pathogen
3rd line of defense |
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Innate resistance/immunity
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A resistance that you are born with.
Species Race or Strain Gender |
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Species
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Pathogens may only infect a limited range of species. e.g. mumps: Infects humans not dogs or cats.
Anthrax: cattle and humans but not birds. |
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Many are unknown
A.physiology B.anatomy c.behavior/diet |
What are the reasons for species resistance?
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Pasteur
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_______ exposed chickens to anthrax and then lowered their body temperature. The chickens died of anthrax.
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Physiology (reasons for species resistance)
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e.g. anthrax
Temperature is the key. Humans: 37'C Birds: 41-45'C Pasteur exposed chickens to anthrax and then lowered their body temperature. The chickens died of anthrax. |
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Temperature
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___________ is the key. Humans: 37'C
Birds: 41-45'C Pasteur exposed chickens to anthrax and then lowered their body temperature. The chickens died of anthrax. |
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Anatomy (reasons for species resistance)
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e.g. Plant diseases (certain chemical receptors plant pathogens require do not exist in/on the human body.)
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Behavior/Diet (reasons for species resistance)
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e.g. Fish tapeworm Diphyllobotrium latum.
Ingested in raw fish. Any species that doesn't eat fish is unlikely to get this disease. |
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Race or strain (innate resistance/immunity)
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e.g. Caucasians are more susceptible to diptheria, influenza, and gonorhea. Blacks and American Indians are more susceptible to TB.
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gender (innate resistance/immunity)
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Hormone levels effect the immune system
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1. Intact skin
2. Mucous membranes 3. Hairs of the ears and nose 4. Ciliary/Mucocilliary escalator 5. Lacrimal apparatus 6. Salivary glands 7. Urine 8. Vaginal secretions 9. Reflexes |
What are the 9 mechanical/physicial/chemical barriers?
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Intact skin
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Epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with Keratin, a protective protein. Acts as a barrier to most microbes.
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Mucous membranes
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Line body cavities that open to the exterior. e.g. Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. The epithelial layer of _____ _________ secretes mucus which acts as a trap and physical barrier. Much less protective than skin.
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Hairs of the ears and nose
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Filter and trap microbes
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Ciliary/Mucociliary escolator
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Microbes trapped in mucus are transported away from the lungs.
smoking makes more vulnerable |
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Lacrimal apparatus
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Manufactures and drains away tears. Continual washing of the eyes.
mechanical barrier |
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Salivary glands
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Wash microbes from teeth and mucus membranes of the mouth.
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Urine
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Flow of urine moves microorganisms out of the urinary tract.
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Vaginal secretions
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Help remove microorganism from the vagina.
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Reflexes
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Coughing
Sneezing Vomiting Diarrhea |
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Chemical defenses
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These are both 1st and 2nd line of defenses
Sebaccous glands Sweat glands Gastric juice Transferrins |
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Sebaccous glands
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Secrete sebum: contains fatty acids: gives the skin a low pH (3-5)
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Sweat glands
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Produce perspiration contains: NaCI and lysozyme
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Gastric juice
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Contains HCI low pH (1.2 - 3.0)
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Transferrins
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Iron-binding proteins in the blood. Limits available iron needed for microbial growth.
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Plasma and Serum
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What is the fluid portion of blood made of?
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Plasma
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part of the fluid portion of the blood that has not clotted yet.
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Serum
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part of the fluid portion of the blood that has been clotted.
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Erythrocytes
Leukocytes Thrombocytes/Platelets |
What are the formed elements in blood?
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Erythocytes
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rbc's
blood cells themselves; function: carry O2 |
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Leukocytes
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WBC's
function is in immunity or immunes defenses |
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Thrombocytes/Platelets
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formed element that's function in the blood is to clot
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Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
1. Neutrophilies (PMNs) 2. Basophiles 3. Eosinophiles Agranulocytes 1. Monocytes/Macrophages 2. Lymphocytes Differential blood count Leukopenia Leukocytosis Neutrophilia Neutropenia Eosinophilia Lymphocytosis |
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Granulocytes
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1. Neutrophilies (PMNs)
2. Basophiles 3. Eosinophiles |
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Agranulocytes
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1. Monocytes/Macrophages
2. Lymphocytes |
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Differential blood count
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very useful clinically
Determines the relative percent of each WBC type. Many infections cause an increase or decrease in WBC numbers |
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Leukopenia
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Decrease in total WBC count
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Leukocytosis
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Increase in total WBC count
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Neutrophilia
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Increase Neutrophile count
>10% bands= infection or inflammation |
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Neutropenia
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Decrease in Neutrophil count
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Eosinophilia
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Increased Eosinophil count
e.g. allergies and parasitic infections |
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Lymphocytosis
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Increased lymphocyte count
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phagocytic
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What is the function of a WBC, neutrophils?
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Produce histamine
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What is the function of a WBC, basophils/mast cells?
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Toxic to parasites, some phagocytosis
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What is the function of a WBC, eosinophils?
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Phagocytic as mature macrophages
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What is the function of a WBC, monocytes?
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Involved in specific immunity
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What is the function of a WBC, lymphocytes?
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1st line and 2nd line
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Are chemical defenses first, second, or third defenses?
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2nd
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Is blood first, second, or third defenses?
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2nd
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Is mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system (RES) first, second, or third defenses?
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phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system (RES)
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Consists of phagocytes which enter certain tissues and remain there: Fixed macrophages/histocytes: Ingest bacteria and debris as they flow past in connective tissue.
Found in the liver: Kupffer cells Lungs: Alveolar macrophages Nervous system: Microglial cells Skin: Langerhans cells Also located in spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and peritoneal cavity Other macrophages are called wandering macrophages. G.I. tract: dendritic cells |
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Fixed macrophages/histocytes
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When mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system ingests bacteria and debris as they flow past, they are called what?
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Kupffer cells
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In the liver, mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system are called what?
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Alveolar macrophages
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In the lungs, mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system are called what?
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Microglial cells
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In the nervous system, mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system are called what?
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Langerhan's cells
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On the skin, mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system (RES) are called what?
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wandering macrophages
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Other macrophages (mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system)that circulate within the bloodstream are called what?
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Dendritic cells
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In the G.I. tract, what are mononuclear phagocytic/reticuloendothelial system called?
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Phagocytosis
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phagosome fuses with lysosome and are called phagolysosome.
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2nd
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Is the inflammatory response 1st, 2nd, or 3rd defense?
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Inflammatory response
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Response to tissue damage by a combination of nonspecific defenses. Characterized by: Redness (rubor), Pain (dolar), Heat (Calor), Swelling (Tumor/Edema).
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Redness
Pain Heat Swelling |
List the characteristics of inflammation.
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1. Destroy the injurious agent, and remove it.
2. Confining or walling of the injurious agaent and it's by products. 3. To repair or replace damaged tissues. |
Functions of Inflammation
(Possible question) Why do you have an inflammory response? |
