Immunity Lecture Notes (Cindy)

Front 1

Immune Response

Back 1

Cells of the immune system seek out and destroy damaged cells and foreign tissue while recognizing and preserving host cells.

Front 2

Immune System performs following functions:

Back 2

• Defends and protects body from infection
• Removes and destroys damaged or dead cells
• Identifies and destroys malignant cells, thereby preventing their further development into tumors
  

Front 3

Infection

Back 3

an invasion of body tissue by microorganisms

Front 4

The immune system is activated by external agents like ...........

Back 4

• microorganisms
• small lacerations
• bruises
• burns
• surgeries
• systemic disease (pneumonia)
  

Front 5

Response of the immune system may be __________ or ____________.

Back 5

nonspecific or specific

Front 6

Nonspecific responses........

Back 6

limit the entry of invaders into the body, thereby limiting the extent of tissue damage and reducing the workload of the immune system.

Front 7

_____________ is a nonspecific response.

Back 7

Inflammation

Front 8

When the inflammatory process is unable to destroy invading organisms or toxins, a more specific response, called the _____________ ___________ is activated.

Back 8

immune response

Front 9

The effectiveness of the immune system depends on ............

Back 9

its ability to differentiate normal host tissue from abnormal or foreign tissue.

Front 10

The immune system is a combination of _______, _________, and __________ that produce the immune response (the more specific response)

Back 10

• molecules
• cells
• organs
  

Front 11

Leukocytes

Back 11

white blood cells that come from stem cells in the bone marrow

Front 12

The primary cell response in nonspecific and specific immune response that will detect, attack, and destroy anything foreign is by.........

Back 12

Leukocytes

Front 13

leukocytes in the blood is called

Back 13

leukocytosis

When there is infection, additional WBC's are released from bone marrow and go into the blood leading to a much greater amount of leukocytes in the blood.

Front 14

Normal number of circulating leukocytes

Back 14

4,500 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood

Front 15

decrease in number of circulating leukocytes

Back 15

leukopenia

occurs when the bone marrow activity is suppressed, or when leukocyte destruction increases

Front 16

3 types of leukocytes

Back 16

• granulocytes
• monocytes
• lymphocytes
  

Front 17

leukocytes that are effective in inflammatory process

Back 17

granulocytes and monocytes

Front 18

leukocytes that are primary cells in a specific immune response

Back 18

lymphocytes

Front 19

In lab studies the WBC gives .........?

while the differential gives ...........?

Back 19

........the total number of leukocytes circulating.

........the portion of the total represented by each type of leukocyte.

Front 20

Granulocytes = 60-80% of leukocytes and play a big part in protecting the body from harmful microorganisms but only live hours to days. The 3 types of granulocytes are.......

Back 20

1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils

3. basophils

Front 21

phagocytic cells that are the first at the invasion of foreign agents but only last 6-10 hours and can't replicate.........

Back 21

neutrophils

Front 22

less effective phagocytic cells that are found I lungs and GI tracts and last from 30 minutes to the half-life of 12 days, largely responsible for parasitic worms.........

Back 22

eosinophils

Front 23

not phagocytic but contain protein and chemicals like heparin, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis-leukotrienes.

Back 23

basophils

Front 24

What are Phagocytes?

Back 24

a WBC that ingests and destroys microorganisms and cell debris along with other particles in the blood.

Front 25

The largest of leukocytes and activates immune response against chronic infection like TB, viral infections, and some intracellular parasitic infections is........

Back 25

Monocytes

Front 26

__________ and __________ are the mediators of immunity, initiating an immune response and actively phagocytize large foreign particles.

Back 26

Macrophages (a mature monocyte) and dendritic cells (star shaped cells)

Front 27

________________ from the bone marrow, they monitor the body for cancer cells

Back 27

Lymphocytes

Front 28

3 types of lymphocytes

Back 28

1. T cells
2. B cells
3. NK (natural killer) cells

all of their actions being closely interrelated even though they are stationed in different parts of the body

Front 29

Function of T cells

Back 29

• destroy viruses and bacteria
• cytotoxic T cells attack malignant cells
• are responsible for rejection of transplanted organs and grafted tissue as well
  

Front 30

a protein marker on the surface of cells that identifies the cell as self or non-self and stimulates the production of antibodies that will neutralize or destroy the unwanted cell......

Back 30

antigen

Front 31

resistance to an antigen resulting from previous exposure to that antigen.......

Back 31

Acquired immunity

Front 32

molecules that bind with an antigen and inactivate it.........

Back 32

Antibodies

Front 33

5 classes of antibodies

Back 33

called immunoglobulins

1. IgM
2. IgG
3. IgA
4. IgD
5. IgE
   

Front 34

Parts of the lymphoid system - all existing to recover proteins for the vascular system and protect the bloodstream from invading organisms.

Back 34

• lymph nodes
• spleen (filters blood and stores blood but is not essential for life)
• thymus (beneath the sternum that atrophies after puberty)
• tonsils (protect body from inhaled or ingested foreign agents)
• lymphoid tissue in connective tissue and mucosa
• bone marrow (found in hollow cavity of long bone which produces and stores hematopoietic stem cells
  

Front 35

Lymph nodes are small, round or bean shaped with clear protein fluid within and function to

Back 35

1. filter foreign products or antigens from the lymph and
2. house and support proliferation of lymphocytes and macrophages
   

Front 36

Risk factors for suppressed or exaggerated immune system function, acute and chronic inflammation, or localized and systemic infection......

Back 36

• Breached first line of defense
• Through the lifespan (infants and elderly)
• Allergic reactions
• Transplant rejection
• Autoimmune disorders
• Genetics

Front 37

Breached first line of defense will induce a nonspecific immune response known as inflammation, an adaptive response to what the body sees as harmful. Through the inflammatory reaction what occurs?

Back 37

• the invader is neutralized and eliminated
• destroyed tissue is removed
• the process of healing and repair is initiated
  

Front 38

Allergic reactions = hypersensitivity reactions = immune response that leads to tissue damage

There are 4 types of allergic reactions........

Back 38

1. immediate = anaphylaxis
2. cytotoxic = transfusion reaction
3. immune complex = autoimmune disorders
4. delayed-type hypersensitivity = tissue damage delayed 24-48 hours after exposure = contact dermatitis

Front 39

3 types of transplant rejection

Back 39

1. hyperacute rejection in minutes or hours
2. acute rejection in weeks
3. chronic rejection in months after transplant
   

Front 40

2 types of prevention

Back 40

1. prevent immune disorders themselves
2. the use of vaccines to prevent infectious disease
   

Front 41

Education should include......

Back 41

• vaccines
• nutrition
• weight
• stress
• alcohol
• drugs
• cigarettes
• unprotected sex
  

Front 42

Immunizations - introduce an antigen into the body allowing immunity against a disease to develop naturally. This is called.....

Back 42

Active immunity (antibody is given when immunized)

Front 43

What is passive immunity?

Back 43

antibodies are produced in a human or animal and given to a child. Passive immunity does not confer lasting immunity.

Front 44

Nursing assessment consists of......

Back 44

• discover when last immunizations occurred
• palpate lymph nodes after observing general appearance of patient
• family history
• growth and development of children
• skin and mucous membranes
• evidence of disease
  

Front 45

Diagnostic tests include

Back 45

• Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• Immunoglobulins
• Polymerase chain reaction
• Rapid HIV tests
• Radioallergosorbent test
• Skin reactions
• Western blot test
• Complete blood count (CBC)
• Complement
  

Front 46

Independent Nursing Interventions include education on........

Back 46

• proper nutrition
• adequate exercise
• good night's sleep
• stress reduction and management
• identify and set goals for healthy lifestyle
  

Front 47

Collaborative Interventions include

Back 47

• Pharmacology(antibiotic, anti-inflammatories, immunizations)
• Nonpharmacology
• Complimentary and alternative therapy