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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Signs and symptoms of diabetes: |
Dehydration + thirst (polydipsia), unexplained weight loss, blurry vision, fatigue and increased appetite. |
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Complications of diabetes: |
Excessive urine production, tingling/numbness in limbs leading to nephropathy (loss of sense of feeling), slow healing wounds. High b.p may lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, blindness. Recurring infection may lead to limb amputation. |
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What is diabetic nephropathy? |
When blood vessels are blocked, collateral circulation tries to compensate. However, no way for this to happen in the kidneys. Basement membrane responsible for filtering albumin becomes damaged -> high levels of albumin -> kidney disease. |
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What is hypertension and how does it affect the body? |
Causes the hardening of arteries with build up of cholesterol and calcium. Thickens (hypertrophy) of heart muscle. Damages b.v. in the kidneys, and causes bust b.v. in eyes = eye damage or kidney disease. |
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Rheumatoid arthritis - complications and difference to OA. |
RA = persistent inflammation of the joint, as immune system attacks healthy tissue mistakenly. Leads to swelling, long term joint damage, loss of mobility, persistent and intense pain. May also effect ligaments and tendons - increasing the likelihood of bone deformity. OA = wear and tea, hyaline cartilage wears off bone. |
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What are the steps of inflammation: |
Inducers/ Triggers - - Endogenous (from w/i - cell derived proteins) or Exogenous (microbial - PAMPs, non-microbial - tobacco smoke) Sensors - - Mast cells (initiate response due to pattern recognition receptors - PRR) Mediators - - Chemicals - cytokines, chemokines, released by sensors. e.g. histamines, proteolytic enzymes or lipid mediators. Effectors - The 'doers' - wake up ad do! Response from endothelium, epithelium, cells of ANS and B+T cells. |
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Chronic inflammation: |
- Systemic or local - Tissue tries to repair, but can't - anabolic and catabolic balance - Involvement of immune system + lymphocytes - The trigger is never dealt with |
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(Maladaptive) Para-Inflammation: |
Persistent state of low level tissue dysfunction. Influenced by unhealthy lifestyle + wear and tear. No activation of vascular system : no swelling/oedema Locally managed. |
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Acute/classical inflammation |
Overt injury or infection. 3 components: Hyperaemia - change in vascular system - red and hot Exudation - change in microvascular - swelling and oedema Emigration - Immune cells Typical "PRISH" systems |
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Stress response: |
e.g. Pumping iron at the gym, hypertrophy due to increased calorie intake, hyperplasia due to altitude training, atrophy due to reduced calorie intake. |
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Atrophy |
Shrinking |
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Hypertrophy |
Getting bigger |
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Hyperplasia |
Severe and prolonged injury = increased number of cells due to increase in division rates. |
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Metaplasia |
Reversible replacement of mature cells with less mature cells. e.g. Columnar ciliated with stratified squamous in bronchioles. |
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What are the types of 'chemical warfare' used to break down invading tissue? |
Cyotoxic agents - oxidants - damage the DNA and weaken the cell wall. Release of lysosomal enzymes - enzymes held in lysosomes released. Induced apoptosis - induces cell suicide. Perforce perforates cells Opsonins prepare cells for eating by making them more attractive to phagocytes. |
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What are the 3 'families' of cells produced by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's) or granulocytes? |
- Myeloid -Erythroid - Lymphoid |
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Name the categories of myeloid lineage - |
- Eosinophils - principal defender against pathogens - Basophils - function similar to eosinophils and mast cells - Neutraphils - Principal phagocytes of innate immunity - Monocytes - Leukocytes that circulate blood - Macrophages - mature monocytes - move out to lesions - Mast cells - Release pro-inflammatory mediators. Line the skin, mucosa, GIT and eyes. |
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What is the complement system? |
Proteins complement action of humeral antibodies. 'Lysis' is the underlying theme - breaking down and weakening the cell membranes of pathogens. All contributes to vast-dilation in pro-inflamm. response. |
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Define: opsonisation |
Pathogen is marked for ingestion |
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Define: cytokines |
Proteins with matching receptors responsible for cell behaviour. |
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Define: chemotaxis |
The attraction between cells. Decrease or increase attractiveness. |
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Define: Stroma |
Connective/Structural tissue that holds organs together. |
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Define: Parenchyma |
Specialised cells or the functional parts of organs. |
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Define: Mesenchyme |
Tissue with loosely associated cells and a lot of matrix. May become lymphatic systems or bone/cartilage. |
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What are the primary organs of immune system? |
Lymphoid tissue and bone marrow + Thymus |
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What are the secondary organs of immune system? |
Lymph nodes (including tonsils), mucosa, spleen. |
