Immunity Flash Cards

Front 1

-We are born with it
-Nonspecific
-Form the first and second line of defense

Back 1

Innate System

Front 2

Specific-Protects us against particular pathogens

Back 2

Adaptive system

Front 3

Form the third (elite) line of defense

Back 3

Adaptive System

Front 4

-May be able to destroy pathogens alone w/o help of adaptive system
-Reduces workload of adaptive system

Back 4

Innate Defenses

Front 5

Skin and mucous membrane barriers

Back 5

First Line of Defense

Front 6

The major barrier of the body

Back 6

Skin and mucous membrane barriers (First line of defense)

Front 7

The barriers of the Skin and Mucouse membrane

Back 7

-Physical barrier
-Epithelial cells produce protective chemicals

Front 8

Acidity of the skin secretions inhibits (____).

Back 8

bacteria

Front 9

(____) secretes HCl and enzymes that kill bacteria.

Back 9

Stomach mucosa

Front 10

(____) contain lysozyme that kills bacteria.

Back 10

Saliva and lacrimal fluid

Front 11

(____) traps bacteria

Back 11

Mucus

Front 12

Structures - (____) of respiratory tract sweep mucus up to mouth away from lungs - (____) trap particles.

Back 12

cilia
nose hairs

Front 13

Internal Defenses

Back 13

Second line of defense

Front 14

-Nonspecific cells and chemicals and responses
-Activated when specific carbohydrates on bacteria, virus, fungus are recognized.

Back 14

Internal Defenses (Second line of Defense)

Front 15

Pathogens that get thru skin barrier and into connective tissue encouter?

Back 15

phagocytes

Front 16

the chief phagocytes are?

Back 16

macrophages

Front 17

Macrophages come from?

Back 17

Monocytes (WBC's) that leave the blood and enter tissue.

Front 18

Wander from tissue to tissue

Back 18

Free macrophages

Front 19

kupffer cells in liver, microglia in brain, Langerhan cells in dermis

Back 19

fixed macrophages

Front 20

most numerous WBC-become phagocytic when encounter pathogen

Back 20

Neutrophils

Front 21

weakly phagocytic but good defense against parasitic worms

Back 21

Eosinophils

Front 22

ingest a wide range of bacteria

Back 22

Mast cells

Front 23

famous for containing histamine

Back 23

mast cells

Front 24

mechanism of phagocytosis

Back 24

1. Phagocyte recognizes CHO
2. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen
3. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen via pseudopods
4. Phagosome fuses with lysosome
5. Pathogen killed by enzymes

Front 25

-Complex CHO that phagocyte cannot bind to
-Bacteria must be opsonized

Back 25

Pneumococcus

Front 26

coated with complement proteins and antibodies, then phagocyte can bind

Back 26

opsonized (i.e. pneumococcus)

Front 27

-resistant to lysozomal proteins
-need help of adaptive system
-Neutrophils contain antibiotic like chemicals-but also kills neutrophil

Back 27

Tuberculosis Bacillus

Front 28

Prolonged Neutrophil activity=

Back 28

Cancer

Front 29

"police" blood and lymph

Back 29

Natural killer cells

Front 30

target cancer cells and virus infected cells, before adaptive system is activated

Back 30

Natural Killer Cells

Front 31

not phagocytic-release perforins-cytolytic chemicals

Back 31

Natural Killer Cells

Front 32

Release chemicals that enhance inflammatory response

Back 32

Natural killer cells

Front 33

-triggered when body tissue is injured
-prevent spread of damage
-disposes debris and pathogens
-allows repair

Back 33

Inflammatory response

Front 34

Signs-redness, heat, swelling, pain

Back 34

Inflammatory response

Front 35

The inflammatory response begins with a?

Back 35

chemical "alarm"

Front 36

What is the chemical "alarm" that begins the inflammatory response?

Back 36

A flood of inflammatory chemicals that are release into the extracellular fluid from:
1. Injured tissue cells
2. Phagocytes
3. Lymphocytes
4. Mast cells

Front 37

Some of the inflammatory chemicals

Back 37

Histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, complement, cytokines

Front 38

Prostaglandins and kinins produce?

Back 38

pain part of the inflammatory response

Front 39

-All cause blood vessels to dilate
-Increase permeability-local edema-swelling
-Prostaglandins and kinins-pain
-Epithelial mucosa-beta defensins-have antibiotic activity

Back 39

The chemicals of the inflammatory response (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, complement, and cytokines)

Front 40

First mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages

Back 40

Phagocyte influx

Front 41

The process of phagocyte influx

Back 41

1. Leukocytosis
2. Margination
3. Diapedisis
4. Chemotaxis

Front 42

chemical released by injured cells promote release of neutrophils from red bone marrow during what step of phagocyte influx?

Back 42

Leukocytosis

Front 43

chemicals released by injured cells promote

Back 43

release of neutrophils from red bone marrow

Front 44

During the margination step of phagocyte influx endothelial cells sprout adhesion molecules called? Neutrophils have?

Back 44

selectins
integrins

Front 45

During the margination step of phagocyte influx the selectins and integrins?

Back 45

bind together so neutrophils cling to capillary wall-called margination

Front 46

neutrophils squeeze out of capillary

Back 46

Diapedisis

Front 47

chemical attract neutrophils and WBC's to site of injury

Back 47

Chemotaxis

Front 48

-Enhance innate defenses
-Attacks pathaogens and prevent their proliferation

Back 48

Antimicrobial Proteins

Front 49

Virus infected cells secrete? Which?

Back 49

IFN's (Interferons)
diffuse to uninfected cells and stiumulate production of PKR production

Front 50

(____) interferes with viral replication

Back 50

PKR

Front 51

Interferons activate (____)

Back 51

macrophages and mobilize NK cells

Front 52

(____) approved by FDA as an antiviral agent

Back 52

IFN

Front 53

-a system of 20 plasma proteins normally inactive in blood

Back 53

Complement

Front 54

Major mechanism for destroying pathogens in the body

Back 54

Complement

Front 55

complement system activated by either (1) or (2).

Back 55

1. classical pathway
2. alternative pathway

Front 56

antibodies must bind to pathogen. The C1 binds to Ab/Ag complex - cascade of protein activation C1-C11

Back 56

Classical pathway

Front 57

triggered when 3 proteins - factors B, D, and P bind to surface of certain pathogens - activates cascade

Back 57

alternative pathway

Front 58

Process of cell lysis

Back 58

1. C3b binds to pathogen-insertion of a group of complement proteins MAC-membrane attack complex-open hole in membrane-lysis
2. C3b are proteins of opsonization-allow macrophages and neutrophils to adhere.
3. C3a stimulate mast cells and basophils to release histamine.

Front 59

Increase cellular metabolism-speeds up repair

Back 59

Fever

Front 60

A specific defense system

Back 60

Adaptive system

Front 61

Must be "primed" by intial exposure to pathogen (antigen).

Back 61

Adaptive System

Front 62

-Antigen specific
-Is systemic (everywhere in the body)
-Has memory

Back 62

Adaptive System

Front 63

The two overlapping sections of the Adaptive System

Back 63

1. Humoral immunity
2. Cell-mediated immunity

Front 64

-Anitibody mediated immunity
-Abs circulate freely in blood and lymph (extracellular)
-Bind to bacteria, toxins, virus
-They do not destroy pathogens but mark them for destruction by-phagocytes and complement

Back 64

Humoral Immunity

Front 65

-Abs provide partial immunity
-Abs useless against tuberculosis bacillus infected cells
-Need T cells

Back 65

Cell-mediated immunity

Front 66

Substances that evoke and immune response

Back 66

Antigens

Front 67

An antigen can be?

Back 67

Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, pollen, bacteria, fungi, virus

Front 68

Cells of the Adaptive Immune system

Back 68

Antigen presenting cells - APC's
B lymphocytes - B cells
T lymphocytes - T cells

Front 69

Sticks part of antigen on its own surface

Back 69

Antigen Presenting Cells - APC's

Front 70

Made in red bone marrow of spongy bone

Back 70

B lymphocytes - B cells
T lymphocytes- T cells

Front 71

If lymphocyte goes to thymus it becomes a?

Back 71

T cell

Front 72

Thymosin and thymopoietin induce?

Back 72

maturation of T cells

Front 73

T cells (____) divide

Back 73

rapidly

Front 74

(____) selection in thymic medulla - destroys T cells that bind too strongly to "self" proteins - autoimmune reactions

Back 74

Negative

Front 75

T cells interacting weakly with "self" proteins continue to develop in thymic cortex - T cells now become?

Back 75

immunocompetent

Front 76

(____) become immunocompetent in bone marrow - little is known of this process

Back 76

B cells

Front 77

When T and B cells become immunocompetent they?

Back 77

have unique receptors on their surface that recognize and bind to one specific antigen - now exported to lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, etc.

Front 78

-These cells engulf pathogens and present fragments of these antigens on their surface.
-Now easily recognized by T cells

Back 78

Antigen Presenting Cells

Front 79

APC's include?

Back 79

Langerhan cells (in situ macrophages), (epidermis of skin) macrophages, and B cells.

Front 80

-Occurs when an immunocompetent B cell encounters an antigen
-Results in the production of abs
-Primary immune response

Back 80

Humoral Immune Response

Front 81

Cells that make Abs

Back 81

Plasma Cells

Front 82

Mechanism of Humoral Response

Back 82

Ag binds to B cell receptors - Activates Ag/R complex is endocytosed stimulated B cell to divide rapidly produces a clone. Most cells of clone are plasma cells.
Plasma cells: are Ab secreting cells - secrete 2000 Abs/second for 4-5 days.
Abs circulate in blood or lymph - bind to Ags and tag them for destruction by other cells.

Front 83

In the Humoral Response the (____) acts as the key.

Back 83

Antigen

Front 84

In the Humoral Response the Rest of the Clone are (____)

Back 84

memory B cells

Front 85

The memory B cells are?

Back 85

-Primed
-If same Ag is encountered a second time immune response is much faster and Ab levels remain higher for longer - called secondary immune response.

Front 86

-Immunoglobulins (Igs)
-Gamma globulins of blood proteins
-Soluble
-Secreted by activated B cells (few) or plasma cells (majority).
-Each class has a different role and location in the body.

Back 86

Antibodies

Front 87

-First to be released by plasma cells
-Can fix complement
-Exists as a monomer and as a pentamer (biggest Ab)

Back 87

IgM

Front 88

-Is a dimer
-The secretory Ig
-Found mainly in mucus and other body secretions
-help to prevent pathogens from entering body
-Prevents attachment of pathogens to epithelial membranes.

Back 88

IgA

Front 89

-Always found on surface of B cells.
-Acts a B cell receptor

Back 89

IgD

Front 90

-Most abundant Ab (80%)
-Main Ab of primary and secondary response
-Crosses placenta-transfers maternal immunity to baby

Back 90

IgG

Front 91

-Never found in blood
-"Trouble maker" antibodies involved in allergies
-Causes cells to release histamines
-Levels rise during severe allergic attacks and or chronic parasitic infections of GI tract.

Back 91

IgE

Front 92

What is the function of Abs?

Back 92

-They do not destroy antigens (pathogens).
-They can inactivate Ag's
-They tag Ag's for destruction

Front 93

Antibodies have four mechanisms. What are they?

Back 93

1. Neutralization
2. Agglutination
3. Precipitation
4. Complement Fixation

Front 94

-Simplest mechanism
-Abs block specific sites on viruses and bacterial toxins
-These cannot now bind to receptors on tissue cells and cause injury

Back 94

Neutralization

Front 95

-Clumping
-Mostly by IgM
-E.g. mismatched blood transfusion

Back 95

Agglutination

Front 96

-Solube molecules (not cells) are cross linked - insoluble precipitate.
-Molecule now more easily captured and engulfed by phagocytes

Back 96

Precipitation

Front 97

Also known as opsinization gone wild

Back 97

Neutralization

Front 98

clumping of molecules

Back 98

Precipitation

Front 99

-Abs bind to cells
-Abs change shape and expose complement-binding sites - fixation - cell lysis
-Amplifies inflammatory response
-Promotes phagocytosis via opsonization (C3b)

Back 99

Complement fixation

Front 100

-Abs provide partial immunity
-Also need cellular immunity - mediated by T cells

Back 100

Cell-mediated immune response

Front 101

Based on the molecules displayed on the cell surface, the cell-mediated immune response can use?

Back 101

CD4 or CD8 cells

Front 102

CD4 cells replicate to make?

Back 102

T Helper Cells and Memory Cells

Front 103

CD8 cells replicate to make?

Back 103

-Suppressor T cells
-Cytotoxic T Cells
-Memory Cells

Front 104

T cells cannot recognize?

Back 104

"free" Ags

Front 105

T cells can recognize

Back 105

Ab/Ag complexes and "processed" Abs

Front 106

-Primed by APC
-Major role is to stimulate other T cells and B cells to divide

Back 106

T helper cells

Front 107

-Also called killer T cells
-Are the only T cells that attack and kill other cells
-Circulate thru blood and lymph
-Main targets are virus-infected cells
-Also attack infected tissue cell (e.g. tuberculosis bacillus, parasites, cancer cells, and foreign cells)

Back 107

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 108

Mechanism action of T cells

Back 108

-T cell granules release perforin after T cell has bound to target cell
-T cell detaches
-Target cell lysis

Front 109

Some T cells secrete:

Back 109

-lymphotoxin-fragment DNA
-Tumor Necrosis factor-slowly kills target cells
-Gamma Interferon-stimulates macrophages

Front 110

-Secrete cytokines that suppress T and B cells - decrease and stop immune response
-Prevent excessive or uncontrolled immune system activity

Back 110

T Suppressor Cells

Front 111

Delayed hypersensitivity T cell

Back 111

TDH

Front 112

-Promote allergic reactions
-They secrete gamma interferon-stimulates macraphages

Back 112

TDH

Front 113

-Live in intestine
-Similar to NK cells

Back 113

Delta and Gamma T cells