Immunity And Infection Protozoa

Front 1

What is the definitive host of the pork/beef tapeworm?

Back 1

Human

Front 2

What is the definitive host of Echinococcus granulosus?

Back 2

Dog

Front 3

What is the definitive host of Shistosomiasis agents?

Back 3

Human and some reservoir mammals

Front 4

What is the definitive host of the shistosome agent of cercarial dermatitis?

Back 4

birds

Front 5

What is the definitive host of malaria species?

Back 5

Mosquito

Front 6

What is the definitive host of Toxoplasma?

Back 6

Cat

Front 7

What is a definitive host?

Back 7

An animal where the sexually mature adult parasite is formed.

Front 8

What is an intermediate host?

Back 8

An animal in which immature forms of parasite develop prior to transmission.

Front 9

What is the intermediate host of the pork tapeworm?

Back 9

Pig or human when cysticercosis

Front 10

What is the intermediate host of the beef tapeworm?

Back 10

Ox

Front 11

What is the intermediate host of Echinococcus?

Back 11

Human/sheep/goat (hydatid cyst)

Front 12

What is the intermediate host of Schistosomiasis agents?

Back 12

Water snail

Front 13

What is the intermediate host of Shistosome agent of cercarial dermatitis?

Back 13

Human

Front 14

What is the intermediate host of Malaria agents?

Back 14

Human

Front 15

What is the intermediat host of Toxoplasma?

Back 15

Mouse, pig horse, cow, human

Front 16

What is the difference between and indirect and a direct life cycle?

Back 16

Direct = Complete life cycle in one host
Indirect = complete life cycle uses more than one host

Front 17

What transmits malaria?

Back 17

Female Anopheles mosquito

Front 18

Describe the life cycle of malaria.

Back 18

Sporozoites are released from salivary gland of mosquito.
Sporozoites enter hepatocytes and develop into merozoites which infect red blood cells in 2 weeks.
Merozoites released from RBCs infect other RBCs and start a chronic infection which can last for months or decades.
May remain dormant in the liver for a year.
Male and female gametocytes are formed in the bloodstream. They mate in the gut of the mosquito, which sucks them up.

Front 19

What type of malaria causes the most severe disease?

Back 19

Plasmodium falciparum

Front 20

What characterizes falciparum malaria?

Back 20

Multiple ring forms in RBCs.

Front 21

What is the shape of the falciparum gametocyte?

Back 21

Banana shaped gametocyte

Front 22

What does falciparum do to RBCs that make it so deadly? What is the pathogenesis and symptoms that result from this?

Back 22

Insert proteins into RBC wall causing them to stick to cell wall. They will also adhere to brain capilaries and cause death. Also can cause renal failure.
Anemia is due to rupture of RBCs and supression of hematopoiesis due to cytokine production by the immune system.

Front 23

What are the more benign forms of malaria? Why are they more benign?

Back 23

Plasmodium vivax and ovale
Do not cause red cell adherence to capillaries.

Front 24

Describe the persistance of plasmodium vivax and ovale.

Back 24

Can remain dormant in the liver as hypozoites for years and relapse after the blood has been cleared of merozoites.

Front 25

What form of malaria can persist for up to 70 years in the bloodstream?

Back 25

Plasmodium malariae

Front 26

How do you diagnose malaria?

Back 26

Examine blood smears
Antibody testing
PCR testing of blood for malaria gemomes.

Front 27

What mutation in blacks prevents vivax from entering their RBCs?

Back 27

Duffy receptor for vivax merozoites

Front 28

What is prophylaxis for mefloquine?

Back 28

Mefloquine

Front 29

What type of protozoa is trypanosomiasis?

Back 29

Flagellated protozoa

Front 30

How is trypanosomiasis Brucei transmitted?

Back 30

By blood eating insects (Tsetse fly)

Front 31

What will Trypanosomiasis brucei infect?

Back 31

Hoofed animals

Front 32

Why does it matter if the animal Trypanosomiasis brucei infects is domesticated or not?

Back 32

Domesticated animals have wasting disease
Wild animals are resistant

Front 33

Describe the disease course of Trypanosomiasis?

Back 33

Human disease starts as an inflamed nodule then spreads to the lymph node and then to the central nervous system (sleeping sickness)

Front 34

How does Trypanosomiasis avoid the host immune sytem?

Back 34

Constantly displays different antigens

Front 35

What is Trypanosomiaisis cruzi spread by? What type of symptoms does it cause?

Back 35

American trypanosomiasis T. cruzi is spread by reduviid bugs and leads to destruction of the heart (dialated cardiomyopathy) and of the autonomic nervous systme of the GI tract producing dilated organs (megacolon)

Front 36

What is winterbottom's sign and what infection is it characteristic of?

Back 36

Swelling of the lymph nodes in response to T. brucei.

Front 37

What is Romana's sign and what infection is it characteristic of?

Back 37

Swelling of the periorbital, it is characteristic of Trypanosomiasis cruzi (Chagas disease)

Front 38

What animal is Toxoplasma gondii found in?

Back 38

Cats, birds, sheep, pigs and other domesticated animals

Front 39

What animal does Toxoplasma gondii reproduce in?

Back 39

Felines

Front 40

How is Toxoplasma gondii transmitted?

Back 40

By eating infected flesh.
Oocyst In feline feces into the soil.
Oocyst can be spread by worms or insects.

Front 41

How does toxoplasma gondii develop in humans?

Back 41

Develops intracellurlarly in most human cells.
Cyst develops in human muscle, heart and brain and persists for life.

Front 42

How Does Toxoplasma gondii infect humans?

Back 42

Eating uncooked lamb, pork or eggs
Also congenital transmission.

Front 43

What type of immunity fights Toxoplamsa gondii?

Back 43

T cell mediated CD8 to destroy infected cells and CD4 stimulate macrophages to ingest tachyzoites.

Front 44

What type of disease does toxoplasma cause in humans?

Back 44

Usually asymmptomatic but can cause lymphadenitis or mononucleosis like illness.

Front 45

What type of disease will Toxoplamsa cause in AIDS patients?

Back 45

Encephalitis with necrotic brain lesions.

Front 46

What type of disease will a congenital infection of Toxoplasma produce?

Back 46

Chorioretinitis reactivating later in life.

Front 47

How do you diagnose Toxoplasma?

Back 47

Serology

Front 48

What is the most commonly identified intestinal parasite?

Back 48

Giardia intestinalis.

Front 49

What is Giardia's trophozoite appearance on stain?

Back 49

Trophozoite has an adhesive disk and two nuclei, which give it a cross-eyed appearance when stained.

Front 50

How is Giardia tansmited?

Back 50

Cyst is in feces. Transmitted through water, food, poor hygiene, or anilingus.

Front 51

What type of disease does Giardia cause?

Back 51

Brief diarrheal usually but can result in chronic malabsorption, as it prefers to attach to the upper small bowel.

Front 52

Who is most susceptible to Giardia?

Back 52

IgA deficient people.

Front 53

Is Giardia invasive?

Back 53

NO

Front 54

How do you diagnose Giardia?

Back 54

Examination of stool and fluorescent stain of the cysts and trophozoites with antibody linked stains.

Front 55

What type of disease does Cryptosporidium cause in normal people? How about AIDS patients?

Back 55

In normal people causes mild diarrhea
Fatal diarrhea in AIDS patients

Front 56

Is Cryptosporidium intracellular?

Back 56

YES

Front 57

When do cryptosporidium outbreaks occur?

Back 57

When water treatment plants fail.

Front 58

Does Cryptosporidium disseminate from the GI?

Back 58

NO

Front 59

How do you diagnose cryptosporidium?

Back 59

Antibody linked stains of stool

Front 60

How to cryptosporidium oocytes stain?

Back 60

Acid fast positive

Front 61

What months is cryptosporidium must prevalent?

Back 61

July, August, September

Front 62

What age group usually suffers form cryptosporidum?

Back 62

Younger, age 9 and below

Front 63

What sort of disease does Entameoba histolytica cause in most humans?

Back 63

Most humans are asymptomatic.

Front 64

How is entamoeba histolytica transmitted?

Back 64

IN human stools.

Front 65

How does entamoeba histolytica cause disease?

Back 65

Trophoszoites destroy neutrophils and invade tissues. They adhere to cells and secrete toxins and enzymes that digest human tissues.

Front 66

How is the immune system involved in Entamoeba histolytica?

Back 66

Antibody and complement based with T cells being important in preventing relapses.

Front 67

What types of disease can Entamoeba histolytica cause? Describe their pathology?

Back 67

Colitis most frequently with flask-shaped ulcers in the mucosa and bloody diarrhea.
Trophozoites can enter the portal venous systme and cause liver abcesses.
Abscesses can also form in the lungs and brain from trophozoites, which enter the systemic circulation.

Front 68

How is Intestinal Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed?

Back 68

Examination of stools or biopsies of the mucosa. Serology is positive 85% of the time.

Front 69

How is Extra intestinal Entamoeba histolytica diagnosed?

Back 69

Imaging studies and serolgy (+ 99% of the time)

Front 70

Describe the main feature of Trichomonas vaginalis.

Back 70

Has a flagella!

Front 71

How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted?

Back 71

Transmitted via urethra of men

Front 72

How often is a male infected by a female with Trichomonas vaginalis?
How often is a female infected by a male with Trichomonas vaginalis?

Back 72

A male is infected by a female 50% of the time
A female is infected by a male 70% of the time.

Front 73

What sort of symptoms does Trichomonas vaginalis cause?

Back 73

Usually asymptomatic but can cause vaginal discharge and soreness in women.

Front 74

Does Trichomonas invade the host?

Back 74

NO

Front 75

How do you diagnose trichomonas?

Back 75

Vaginal secretions, pap smear, or flourescent antibody staining.