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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the immune response
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the cellular defense rxns of the body that protect against threats
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what is immunity
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a state of protection
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what are the functions of immunity
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1. defense
2.surveillance 3. homeostasis |
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what is memory
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a heightened ability to react against an antigen when exposed to that antigen a second time
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what is specificity
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the ability to react with only one antigen
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what type of immunity are antibodies
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humoral
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what is active immunity
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immunity that is acquired by bodily processes after exposure to the antigen
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what are two types of active immunity and their definitions
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1. natural-body comes in contact with antigen naturally
2. artificial-antigen exposure is done on purpose (vaccines) |
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what is passive immunity
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immunity stimulated from outside the body
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what are two types of passive immunity and their def's
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1.natural-mother to fetus
2.artificial-immunoglobulins ex. tetanus, toxoid, rabies, rh neg moms |
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what is a defining characteristic of natural immunity
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it is species specific
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what is natural immunity towards antigens that the body has not had prior contact with maintained by (4 things)
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1.Natural Killer cells (NK cells)
2.complement, inflammation, phagocytosis 3.interferon 5.skin |
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is natural immunity pre or post thymic
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pre thymic
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what percentage is of natural immunity is lymphocytes
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5-10%
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what are three granulocytes involved in immunity
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1. neutrophils
2.eosinophils 3.basophils |
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describe appearance of neutrophils
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look multi nucleated but not. also called PMNs or polys
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what are neutrophils responsible for
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phagocytosis of cells
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which cell type is the first responder
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neutrophil
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which cell type is the most numerous
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neutrophil
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which cell type is responsible for allergic rxns
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eosinophils
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which cell type would be used in parasitic invasion
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eosinophils
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which cell type is similar to tissue mast cells
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basophils
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what are two types of agranulocytes involved in immunity
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1. monocytes
2. macrophages |
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when do monocytes come into play
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in late states of inflammation
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what is the general amount of monocytes in the blood
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small quanitites circulate
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what do monocytes metamorph into
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macrophages when they come into contact with antigens
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where do macrophages appear
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exudate
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what are histiocytes
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tissue wandering macrophages
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What are the three types of lymphocytes
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1. b lymphocytes
2. t lymphocytes 3. natural killer cells |
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what do B lymphocytges turn into
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plasma cells
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what do plasma cells turn into
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antibodies
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so what do b cells ultimately become
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antibodies
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what type of immunity are b cells involved with
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humoral
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what does humoral immunity indicate
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antibodies
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where are t lymphocytes processed
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in the thymus
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how do NK cells differ from cytotoxic t cells
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do not need to recognize a specific antigen
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what do NK cells protect against
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target tumor cells and protect against a wide variety of infectious microbes
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what immune responses are included in humoral immunity
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antibodies, immunoglobulins
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what are the two types of cell mediated immunity
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1. regulator
2. effector |
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what are the function of regulator cell mediated immunity
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1. helper t cells (CD4)
2. production of lympkines 3. antibody production, macrohpage activation and activation of other cells and processes |
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what are lympokines responsible for?
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regulating immune process
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what are three effector functions of cell mediated immunity
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1. killer t cells (CD8 and cytotoxic t cells)
2.destruction of virus infected cells, tumor cells, transplanted cells 3. perforins release |
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what type of drug can we use to decrease immune response
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steroids
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what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are helper t cells (cd4)
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65%
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what does the helper t cell ink
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monocyte-macrophage system
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what activates CD4 cells
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the epitope flag on macrophage surface
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what is released from both cells attaching to epitope
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gamma interferon
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what does this gamma interferon do
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attracts other macrophages and thus amplification
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what happens to B cells
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lymphokines from these cd4 cells stimulate b cell differentiation
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what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are cytotoxic t cells (cd8)
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35%
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what are the fxns of cytotoxic t cells (cd8)
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1. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
2.cytotoxicity for tumor cells 3.perforins releases which damages membranse of the cell surface antigen |
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what is purpose of supressor t cells
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to make sure the rxn does not go on indefinately
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what are null cells
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1.antibody dependent cellular toxicity
2.recognizes host cells that are covered with antigens 3.large granular cells that lacks the markers of b or t cells |
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what is the primary immune response
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the response after first exposure to the antigen
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what is primary response important
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the formation of memory cells
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how long does it take to form specific antibodies
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7-10 days
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how long do quantities of antibodies increase
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one month and then decline
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what is the second response
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any subsequent exposure to antigen
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which response if faster, first or second
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second
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what immunoglobulin is produced in greater amounts with second exposure
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IgG for a longer time as well
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what term is immunoglobulin interchangeable with
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antibody
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what is general amount of plasma protein in the blood
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20%
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where are plasma proteins found
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blood, tears, saliva, colostrum
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what plasma protein is the most prevalent
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albumin
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are immunoglobulins specific on non specific
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SPECIFIC
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what is the structure of an immunoglobulin
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Y shape
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains |
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what are the two light chain names
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kappa, lambda
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which portion of the chain gives specificti
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the outer variable portion
Vl section |
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what portion is constant
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the inner portion
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which chain gives the antibody its name
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the heavy chain
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what are the 5 types of immunoglobulins
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IgD, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgM
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what types of bonds are in immunoglobulins
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disulfide bridge
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where is the hinge area of the chain located
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between the Fab and Fc portions
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what makes up the Fab fragment
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upper variable and constant portions of arm
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what makes up the Fc fragment
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base of Y and constant portions of the AB
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Which antibody is the first produced
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IgM
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which antibody is a pentamer
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IgM
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which antibody is able to cross the placenta
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IgG
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which antibody is able to secrete
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IgA
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which antibody workes in recognition of the antigen
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IgD B cell surface
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what antibody is important in anaphylactic rxns
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IgE
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what is agglutination and what is it a fxn of
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it is clumpin that is a fxn of antibodies
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what does agglutination lead to
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lysis
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what are the fxns of antibodies
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neutralization, lysis, precipitation and opsonization
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what is involved in neutralization
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a. direct attack on the antigen
b. inactivation of the antigen c. neutralization of toxin |
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what is involved in lysis of the cell
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a. destruction of cell
b. incorporation with the complement systems to obtain lysis |
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what is involved in precipiation
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ag-ab complexes precipation or "fall out" of solution and antigen cells are destroyed
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how does precipitation destroy antigen(disease) cells
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chemotaxis of phagocytic cells into the area
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what is opsonization
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the antibody joins antigen that are on the cells surface
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what happens in opsonization
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coating faciliatates ingestion of antigens through phagocytosis
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what does the term "shock" refer to
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not enough blood to perfuse organs
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what are 4 types of hypersensitivity rxn
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1. type 1=anaphylactic shock
2. type 2=cytotoxic rxn 3. type 3=immune complex rxn 4. type 4=cell mediated rxn |
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which of the four hypersensitivity rxns is an immediate rxn
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type 1, anaphylactic shock
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which of the four hypersensitivity rxns are late?
What type of cells does this rxn use |
type 4, cell mediated
T cells |
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which hypersensitivity rxns involve antibodies
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1,2, and 3
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what do all hypersnesitivy rxns need
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a primary exposure
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What is prodcued from first exposure to Ag in type 1 rxn?
WHat do these cells do |
IgE
circulate and become fixed on the surface of mast cells and/or basophils |
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what happens with re-exposure in type 1 anaphylactic sensitivity?
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Ag joins to surface Ab which causes release of various substances ex. histamines, from the mast cells
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what type of rxn is utilized in a skin test?
what happens |
Type 1
a local rxn with a small area of vasodilation, local swelling |
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what happens with type one if too large of an inoculum is given
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massive substance release will result in anaphylactic shock
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what are examples of compounds that cause a type 1 rxn
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drugs(penicillin), insect venom, allergens
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is death posssible from type 1 rxn? if so, how
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yes, possible by bronchospasms and laryngeal edema
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what types cells react in a type 2 cytotoxic rxn
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it is a humoral rxn with IgM and IgG
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what happens in a type 2 rxn
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interactions with surface Ag which results in incresed phagocytic and lytic processes
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what is the subtype in a Type 2 rxn
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ADCC
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what are examples of type 2 rxn
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ABO incompatibility, Goodpasture's disease (autoimmune disease against lung and kidney lining)
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what blood type is the universal donor?
Universal acceptor? |
type 0
type AB |
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what happens with type 3 (immune complex rxn)
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an AG-AB complex ppt out of the blood deposits in tissue and walls of blood vessels
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what is the Arthrus rxn (type 3)
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intradermal challenge after first exposure
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what is serum sickness (type 3)
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seen with massive immunity from Abs. Produced by non human sources
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what are examples of type 3 rxn
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flomerulonephritis, arthritis, Lupus
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what is type 4 cell mediated rxn
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a delayed hypersensitivy rxn occuring after 12 hours minimum
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what is type 4 mediated by
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sensitized T cells (only 1 of 4)
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what are the first two type 4 rxn processes
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1. CD4 cells release lymphokines
2.chemotaxis of macrophages w the release of inflammatory mediators |
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what happens after stage 2 if type 4 rxn persists
what are examples of type 4 rxn what drug combats these responses |
3. tissue damage and chronic granulomatous rxns
4. TB, poison ivy, organ rejections corticosteroids(decrease inflammation) |
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what is the ultimate result of the complement system
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a cascade of rxn's that ultimately end in Lysis
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what is the structure of the complement system?
where are they found |
about 20 proteins
serum |
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where are the complement proteins produced
how do the proteins circulate |
the liver
in inactive form until activated(sets off chain rxn) |
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what is the fxn of the complement system
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overall the system acts as an amplifier of all immune rxns in the body
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what are major biological roles in the complement system
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a. lysis of particulate immunogens(bacteria, tumor cells)
b. modulate and modify immune and inflammatory rxns c. opsonization |
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how does lysis disrupt the cell membrane
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by building and placing a membrane attach complex on the cell membrane
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how is lysis of the cell reached
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by the in pouring of water and electrolytes from holes made in the membrane
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what are the three general steps leading to cell lysis
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1. holes in the wall
2. sodium rushes in bc of diffusion 3. fluid rushes in and the cell bursts |
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what do the immune mediator proteins of the complement system cause?
what does this allow |
vasodilation
immune cells to enter the area |
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what are the chemotactic activated proteins in the system for
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neutrophils and macrophages into the area
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how does the complement systems support opsonization
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antigens are covered by the complement pro, coated and phagotized quickly and easily
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what is the classic pathway of complement activation
specificall what two immunoglobulins |
Ag-Ab complexes(immunogen-immunoglobulin) formed
IgG and IgM |
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what is an alternative pathway to complement activation
why are these imporatant |
activation of such compounds as endotoxins, viral envelops and fungal walls
to fight off the first exposure |
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what is primary immunodeficiency?
what chromosome is it linked to? is it general or specific? |
genetic deficiency
X linked agammaglobulinemia both |
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what are the characteristics of the agammagloculinemia
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no antibodies(b cells)
chronic infections by pyogenic bacteria ex. influenza, strep pyogenes |
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what is DiGeorge's syndrome?
what is SCID |
a deficiency of T cells
severe combination immunodeficient sate (boy in bubble) |
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what happens if you are t cell deficient
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can't fight cancer cells or fungus
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what is secondary immunodefic.?
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seen at both ends of life
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secondary immunodeficiency in neonates:
what do they rely on for immunity? how long does this immunity last? describe production |
rely on IgG from mother and IgA from colostrum
lasts 3-6 months low production in neonates |
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secondary immunodeficiency in elderly:
why? what ability is decresed what increases |
immune response diminishes
decrease ability to produce IgG and T cells increasein autoantibodies |
