Immunity

Front 1

Antibody mediated immune response is also known as what?

Back 1

Humoral immunity

Front 2

What cell types are involved in humoral immunity?

Back 2

B cells, marcophages and T lymphocytes.

Front 3

Describe innate-native immunity?

Back 3

Part of antibody mediated immunity it is also known as natural immunity. Parts of the innate community include the inflammatory response, skin, mucosa, antimicrobial chemicals and natural killer cells.

Front 4

Describe adaptive immunity?

Back 4

Also part of antibody mediated immunity it is the immunity that a persons body makes or receives as an adaptive response to invasion.

Front 5

The two types of adaptive immunity are ?

Back 5

Passive (breastfeeding or immunizations)

Active (antigen enters body and body responds by making antibodies against that antigen)

Front 6

What are the cell types involved in cell mediated immunity?

Back 6

T cells (helper,suppressor and cytotoxic) and natural killer cells.

Front 7

Cell mediated immunity allows the body to differentiate what?

Back 7

Self vs non self

Front 8

What does the helper Tcell do when it recognizes "non-self cell"?

Back 8

Secretes lymphokines that enhance the activity of other WBC's.

Front 9

Lymphokines increase what?

Back 9

Bone marrow production of stem cells and speed up their maturation.

Front 10

T cells initiate what?

Back 10

The immune response-- they are the"calling to arms" of all the WBCs involved.

Front 11

What do suppressor Tcells prevent?

Back 11

Prevent continuous overreactions (hypersensitivity) when a person is exposed to non self cells.

Front 12

Suppressor Tcells also secrete?

Back 12

Lymphokines- which have an inhibitory action on most cells of the immune system.-- inhibit the growth and activation of immune system

Front 13

Suppessor Tcells have the opposite action of which cell?

Back 13

Helper Tcell

Front 14

Cytotoxic cells destroy cells that contain what?

Back 14

A processed antigens major histocompatibility complex (self cells infected by parasites/viruses/protozoa)

Front 15

What happens when the cytotoxic cell binds to the infected cells MHC?

Back 15

Makes holes in the membrane of the infected cell and delivers a "lethal hit' of enzymes to the infected cell, causing it to lyse and die.

Front 16

Natural killer cells conduct what?

Back 16

Seek and destroy missions in the body to eliminate non-self cells. ** Most often harmed are the cancer cells and the virally infected cells**

Front 17

NK cells are most effective in destroying what?

Back 17

Unhealthy or abnormal self cells

Front 18

Nk cells have direct ___________ effects on non-self cells?

Back 18

Cytotoxic

Front 19

A diagnosis of AIDS requires what?

Back 19

That the person be HIV+ AND have either a CD4+ cell count of less than 200 OR an opportunistic infection.

Front 20

Does AIDS dx go away if CD4 cell count rises above 200?

Back 20

NO- even if CD4+ cell count rises above 200 or the infection is successfully treated- AIDS dx will never revert to HIV.

Front 21

Healthy adult normally carries how many CD4+ count?

Back 21

800-1000

Front 22

The virus concentrates most heavily in what fluids?

Back 22

Blood and seminal fluid

Front 23

HIV host are most infectious when?

Back 23

In early infection state with a high viral load.( You have HIV but dont know it and are brushing the symptoms off to just be the flu)

Front 24

How is HIV transmitted?

Back 24

Sexual (vaginal/seminal secretions/exp of mucous membranes to secretions), blood, perinatal (placenta/contact with maternal body fluids/breast milk)

Front 25

What medication can be given during pregnancy to reduce risk of transmission?

Back 25

Zidovudine ( 8.3% risk of transmission if this med is taken vs 25.5% risk of transmission if no antiretroviral is taken)

Front 26

Alternative med given during labor to a woman who has not been receiving antiretrovirals?

Back 26

Nevirapine- single dose given during labor to mom and a single dose given to baby at 48-72 hrs

Front 27

What type of lubricants should you use? lol- why not

Back 27

Water based lubricants- petroleum or oil based can damage the condom

Front 28

Educate AIDS pt to avoid what when CD4 count is low?

Back 28

Cat box (feces) and undercooked meat-- this leads to a protozoal infection which would be considered an opportunistic infection if CD4+ count is down!!

Front 29

What is Kaposi's sarcoma?

Back 29

Most common AIDS related malignancy- small, purplish brown, raised lesions that are usually not painful or itchy

Front 30

ELISA test?

Back 30

*Inexpensive and accurate
*Pt serum is mixed with HIV grown in a culture
*If Pt has antibodies to HIV they will bind to the HIV antigens
*Can get a false negative

Front 31

Western blot test?

Back 31

*Used to confirm the dx of the ELISA.
*More expensive
*Detects serum antibodies to 4 specific major HIV antigens
*If 2/4 antibodies to the antigens are found than test is +

Front 32

Some key features of AIDS? (S/S)

Back 32

SOB, cough, fever, night sweats, diarrhea, weight loss, NV, confusion, pain, sz's, visual changes, ALOC, dry skin, lesions, fatigue

Front 33

False positives for the ELISA can be common in what type of pts?

Back 33

Pregnant women, women who have had children, injection drug users, people who have had malaria and pts with lymphomas.

Front 34

Common nursing dx for client with AIDS?

Back 34

*Risk for infection related to immunodeficiency
*Impaired gas exchange related to anemia, resp infection, kaposi sarcoma
*Acute or chronic pain related to neuropathy
*Impaired skin integrity related to KS
*Imbalanced nutrition......

Front 35

Do antiretrovirals kill the virus?

Back 35

No- only inhibits viral repliactions

Front 36

HAART? (HART in D's ppt)

Back 36

Highly active antiretroviral therapy- multiple drugs are used together in regimens called "cocktails"- typically shows good results vs single drug regimens

Front 37

Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors do what?
(NARTI)

Back 37

Inhibit viral DNA synthesis and replication.

Front 38

Non-Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors do what?
(NNARTI)

Back 38

Suppress viral replication but do not kill the virus.

Front 39

Protease Inhibitors do what?

Back 39

Block the HIV protease enzyme, preventing viral replication and release of viral particles.

Front 40

Fusion Inhibitors do what?

Back 40

Prevent infection of new cells-- FI are the newest class of antiretroviral medications.

Front 41

Prevention among immunocompromised adults- steps to take?

Back 41

Dont drink H20 that has been sitting out for longer than 15 minutes.
Avoid changing pet litter boxes.
Avoid reptiles.
Eat low bacteria diet- avoid salads and raw fruit/veggies and undercooked meat.
Avoid pepper and paprika.
Do not reuse cups without washing.
Wash lymph node areas 2x a day with antimicrobial.
Take temp at least once a day.
Do not garden.
Take meds as rx.

Front 42

What may be the first sign of HIV infection in women?

Back 42

Gynecologic problems, especially persistent or recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Others include genital herpes, PID and cervical neoplasia.

Hint 42

** Most women with HIV are of child bearing age**

Front 43

Increase susceptibility to HIV in older women- why?

Back 43

Changes in vaginal tissue as a result of aging.

Front 44

What are some likely causes that HIV progresses into AIDS in minorities?

Back 44

Socioeconomic status and limit to healthcare
High cost of antiretrovirals
Lack of good quality info about risk and prevention
Health beliefs about HIV tx, sexual practices,roles of women and value of children

Front 45

Long term nonprogressors? (LTNPs)

Back 45

These people have been infected with HIV for at least 10 years and have remained asymptomatic with CD4+ cell counts within a normal range.(this is due to gene mutation)** remember people that had the PLAGUE disease have the gene mutation to HIV