Immunity

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Adaptive immunity

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Exhibits specificity and memory.

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Innate immunity

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Doesn't exhibit specificity nor memory.

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What does innate immunity consist of?

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mechanical mechanisms, chemical mediators, cells, and inflammatory response.

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mechanical mechanisms

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skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms; tears, saliva, and mucus remove them.

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chemical mediators

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promote phagocytosis and inflammation

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Complement

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Part of innate immunity. Refers to a group of 20 or so proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form. Each complement pathway involves a cascade in which complement proteins are activated in an orderly sequence.

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The end result of a complement pathway?

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The end result is cell lysis, phagocytosis, and inflammation.

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How can complement be activated?

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Can be activated by either the classical or alternative pathway.

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Classical pathway

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Is part of adaptive immunity. Depends on the binding of antibodies to invading organisms. Subsequent binding of C1 to the antigen-antibody complexes (complement fixation).

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Alternative pathway

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Is part of innate immunity. Triggered by interaction among factors B, D, and P and polysaccaride molecules present on microorganisms.

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Interferons

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Leave the infected cell and enter neighboring cells. Stimulates the neighboring cells to produce proteins to prevent replication of viruses. Activate macrophages and natural killer cells.

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Chemotaxis

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Is the ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release certain chemicals.

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Phagocytosis

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Is the ingestion and destruction of (cellular) materials.

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Neutrophils

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Are small phagocyctic cells.

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Basophils and mast cells

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Release chemicals that promote inflammation.

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Eosinophils

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Release enzymes that reduce inflammation.

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Natural killer cells

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Lyse tumor cells and virus infected cells.

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Macrophages

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Are large phagocyctic cells - can engulf more than neutrophils can.

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Some macrophages have specific names.

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Dust cells in lungs. Kupffer cells in the liver. Microglia in the CNS.

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What are the functions of macrophages?

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In connective tissue, they protect the body at locations where microbes are likely to enter, and macrophages clean blood and lymph.

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How is inflammatory response in innate immunity initiated?

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Can be initiated in many ways. (1): chemical mediators cause vasodilation & increase vascular permeability, which allows the entry of other chemical mediators. (2): Chemical mediators attract phagocytes. (3): The amount of chemical mediators & phagocytes increases until the cause of the inflammation is destroyed. Then the tissue undergoes repair.

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Local inflammation in innate immunity produces the symptoms of:

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Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.

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Symptoms of systemic inflammation in innate immunity include:

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An increase in neutrophil numbers, fever, and shock.

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The adaptive immune system is:

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a functional system that recognizes specific foreign substances, acts to immobilize, neutralize, or destroy foreign substances, and amplifies inflammatory response and activates complement.

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Antigens

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Are large molecules that stimulate an adaptive immune system response. Foreign antigens aren't produced by the body (self-antigens are).

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B cells (adaptive immunity)

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Are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity.

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T cells (adaptive immunity)

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Are involved with cell-mediated immunity.

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Where do B and T cells originate from?

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Originate in red bone marrow. B cells are processed in bone marrow. T cells are processed in the thymus.

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Positive selection (adaptive)

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Ensures the survival of lymphocytes that can read against antigens.

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The adaptive immune system

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Is antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory. Has two separate but overlapping arms: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.

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Antibody-mediated immunity (adaptive)

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Provided by antibodies in the blood and lymph systems.

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Cell-mediated immunity (adaptive)

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Lymphocytes are involved.

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Negative selection (adaptive)

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Eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens.

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A clone (adaptive)

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Is a group of identical lymphocytes that can respond to a specific antigen.

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Which cells are part of innate immunity?

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Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells.

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Which cells are part of adaptive immunity?

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B cells, plasma cells, memory B cells, cytotoxic T cells, delayed hypersensitivity T cell, helper T cells, suppressor T cells, memory T cells, and dendritic cells.