Immunity

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Chemicals that promote phagocytosis and inflammation

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chemical mediators

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cells involved in phagocytosis and production of chemical mediators

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white blood cells

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1. intact skin and music membranes (cilia)
2. tears saliva, vaginal secretions, sweat, and urine (flush out microbes, enzymes, and pH
3. Gastric Juice
4. Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, etc.

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mechanical mechanisms and surface chemical mediators include:

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Histamine

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vasodialtion and contraction of airways

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kinins

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vasodialation and pain stimulation

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interferons

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interfere with virus production

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complement proteins

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stimulate many immune responses

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prostaglandins

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smooth muscle relaxation vasodialation, pain stimulation

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leukotrienes

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smooth muscle contraction

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pyrogens

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stimulate fever production

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complement proteins

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group of 20 that circulate in the blood in inactive forms

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complement proteins ACTIVATED

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-make channels through cell mem.
-attach to bacterial cells and stim. phagocytosis
-attract immune cells to infection sites and stimulate inflammation

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activation of complement proteins

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1. alternative pathway - complement 3 binds with foreign substance and attracts macrophages
2. classical pathway - requires antibodies bound to antigens (adaptive immunity)

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White Blood Cells

see pp

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1. Chemotaxis - attracted to chemical signals
2. Produce chemical mediators
3. Phagocytosis - endocytosis of materials by neutrophils and macrophages

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neutrophils

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first cells at the site of infection

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macrophages

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mature monocyte, large cells that can enter sinuses (spleen, bone marrow, liver, lymph nodes.

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basophils and mast cells

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promote inflammation

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eosinophils

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reduce inflammation and secrete enzymes that kill some parasites

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natural killer cells

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lyse (blow up) tumor and virally-infected cells (recognize groups of cells, not specific antigens.

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inflammation

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initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation chemotaxis and increased vasular permeability
-- attempt to localize to the problem and isolate the causative agent

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fever

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abnormally high body temp
pyrogens
inc metabolic rate (inc immune response) and kill microbes

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specificity of adaptive immunity

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ability of the immune system to recognize a particular foreign substance (antigen)

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memory of adaptive immunity

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ability of the immune system to remember previous encounters with an antigen and respond rapidly

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antigen

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large, complex molecules that provoke an immune response
Foreign
Self

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Foreign

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-bacteria viruses other microbes
-pollen, food, drugs, etc. may stimulate an allergic response

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self

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used as markers for identification
-response to self tumor antigens
-response to self-antigens may result in auto-immune disease

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Humoral Adaptive Immunity
antibody mediated

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B cells
cells produce antibodies
primary protection is against extracellular antigens (bacteria, fungi...

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cell-mediated adaptive immunity

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t cells
cells produce cytokines
primary protection is against intracellular antigens (viruses, tumors, some parasites)

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activation methods

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-the lymphocyte combines with the anitgen via and antigenic receptor
-major histocompatibility complex molecules on cells "present" part of the foreign antigen to WBCs

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MHC class I

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found on the surfaces of most nucleated cells

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MHS Class II

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Found on the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells (B-cells, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (helps T cells mature)

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costimulation

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secondary stimulation necessary to facilitate a B or T cell response to an antigen

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proliferation of lymphocytes

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cells from the orginal B or T cells that was activated must by clones before the attack can be effective

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anitbody-mediated immunity

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effective against extracellular antigens
antibodeis Ab
immunoglobulins (lg)
MANY CLASSES!!

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primary response (antibody production)

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the first activation of a B cell. The B cell proliferates to produce plasma cells and memory cells

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secondary response (antibody production)

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any recurrent response to the same antigen. Memory cells divide rapidly to form plasma cells and more memory cells. This response is very rapid.

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cell-mediated immunity

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effective against intracellular anitgens

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cytotoxic T cells

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cell-mediated
lyse infected cells usuing lysin and perforn which form holes in cell membranes
porduce cytokines which promote phagocytosis and inflammation
memory cells are produced

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immunization

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deliberate exposure to an antigen or an antibody

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active natural immunity

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natural exposure to an antigen

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active artificial immunity

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vaccination

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passive natural immunity

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the transfer of antibodies from a mother to her fetus or baby

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passive artificial immunity

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the transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an immune animal to a non-immune one.