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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune system cells can distinguish between the body's own healthy cells and other, what?
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PROTEIN AND CELLS.
Inflammation and immunity work together to meet the human need for protection by NEUTRALIZING, ELIMINATING, or DESTROYING organisms that invade the internal environment. |
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What is phagocytosis?
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process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection.
Monocytes mature into macrophages, which engulf antigen MACROPHAGES and NEUTROPHILS |
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Where do non specific and specific immune responses begin?
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Most immune system cells come from RED BONE MARROW.
Bone marrow prodeuces immature STEM CELLS that can become any one of many mature blood cells. |
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What are the most numerous white blood cells?
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NEUTROPHILS: arrive first at the site of invasion; act by phagocytosis
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What would a pts CBC indicate an overwhelming infection?
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Blast Cells(bands): immature neutrophils, called SHIFT TO THE LEFT when seen on differential.
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What is histamine?
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Released by the human immune system during allergic reaction.
ALLERGIC RESPONSE |
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What do basophils do?
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Involved in inflammation; contain histamine, heparin, seratonin. RELEASE HISTAMINES
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What are leukocytes?
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WBC: destroy foreign invaders and make antibodies. DO NOT produce cytokines.
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What are s/s of inflammation?
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5 cardinal manifestation:
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and decreased function |
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What is the first line of defense against infection?
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INTACT SKIN
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What do humeral B cells do after they encounter antigen?
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Specificity from ANTIBODIES; can be active or passive; Memory- responds when known antigen returns.
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What does an increased IGG mean?
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if there is an increased IGG, pt has an INFECTION/VIRUS.
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What is artificial immunity?
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IMMUNIZATION/ VACCINATION
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What does IGE indicate?
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Responsible for immediate type ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ALLERGY SYMPTOMS RESPONSE
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What are subsets T cell Lymphocytes?
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CD4- T HELPER cells
CD8- T SUPPRESSOR cells Cytotoxic T- NK cells (KILLER) |
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What does natural/innate immunity mean?
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Physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protection from external environment
what you are born with |
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After having the flu, pt has what type of immunity?
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NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
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What is neutropenia?
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DECREASED in the number of NEUTROPHILS
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Is an increase in granulocytes a desired response to neutropenia?
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YES. An increase of granulocytes will show an increase in WBC. This is a positive response.
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What is desensitization?
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SUPRESS RESPONSE TO ALLERGY
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What do humeral B cells do after they encounter antigen?
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Specificity from ANTIBODIES; can be active or passive; Memory- responds when known antigen returns.
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What does an increased IGG mean?
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if there is an increased IGG, pt has an INFECTION/VIRUS.
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What is artificial immunity?
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IMMUNIZATION/ VACCINATION
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What does IGE indicate?
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Responsible for immediate type ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ALLERGY SYMPTOMS RESPONSE
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What are subsets T cell Lymphocytes?
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CD4- T HELPER cells
CD8- T SUPPRESSOR cells Cytotoxic T- NK cells (KILLER) |
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What does natural/innate immunity mean?
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Physical and chemical barriers to invading pathogens and protection from external environment
what you are born with |
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After having the flu, pt has what type of immunity?
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NATURAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY
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What is neutropenia?
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DECREASED in the number of NEUTROPHILS
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Is an increase in granulocytes a desired response to neutropenia?
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YES. An increase of granulocytes will show an increase in WBC. This is a positive response.
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What is desensitization?
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SUPRESS RESPONSE TO ALLERGY
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How do we desensitize?
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SQ injection of increasingly larger doses of the offending allergen (1-3 years) to gradually develop immunity.
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Why should we monitor client for at least 20mins after desensitizing?
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Watch for HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION or ANAPHYLAXIS
Have EPINEPHRINE or BENEDRYL on hand |
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Why is infection a problem after a splenectomy?
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Spleen is part of the immune system. Lost part of immune system with splenectomy.
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Why do we decrease the allergy dose if pt missed a dose the previous week?
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When a dose is missed, call primary health care provder, as the dose may have to be reduced in order to DECREASE THE RISK FOR REACTION TO THE IMMUNOTHERAPY INJECTION.
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Who do we speak with regarding missed dosage of immunotherapy?
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PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROVIDER
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What is anaphylaxis?
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Hypersensitive reaction. LIFE THREATENING. Requires IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION
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True or False: As long as you keep healthy and immunity is intact, you will be healthy.
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TRUE
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What is a scratch test?
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A test to determine ALLERGIC SENSITIVITY
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Which individuals are at risk for latex allergies?
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HEALTH CARE WORKERS, FEMALES, FOOD HANDLERS
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What type of fruit should you stay away from if you are allergic to latex?
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bananas, kiwis, plantains
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Can people who are allergic to latex use condoms?
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YES, but must be LATEX-FREE condoms.
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A pt came in contact with poison ivy. What are s/s you should control first to prevent secondary infection?
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stop the itching to prevent scratching
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What is urticaria?
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presence of wheals or hives in an allergic reaction
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What are physical s/s of anaphylaxis?
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Urticaria, pruritis, sneezing,cyaosis, pallor, WHEEZING, tachycardia
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What is an angioedema?
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form of urticaria in subcutaneous tissue.
Severe reation calls for EMERGENCY |
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What is it called when you have an excessive response to an allergen?
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hypersensitivity allergy
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What is the normal POx/SaO2 level?
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95-100%
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Is wheezing part of anaphylaxix?
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YES
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What does it mean when a pt has diminshed breath sounds from an asthma attack?
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Airway is blocked
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What position should you put the pt in to hear breath sounds?
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Place pt in HIGH FOWLER'S position to reduce dyspnea
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What should you do if a pt has a transfusion reaction?
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STOP TRANSFUSION IMMEDIATELY
adminster normal saline administer steroids and diuretics as ordered take urine sample take urine blood back to lab r |
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What does autologous mean?
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use of OWN BLOOD for replacement therapy best way to prevent reactions
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What is the normal WBC count?
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5,000-10,000
less than 5,000- leukopenia greater than 10,000- leukocytosis |
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What is it called when bloods do not work together?
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Hemolytic
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What blood type is a universal donor?
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O-
universal recipient- AB |
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What foods should an immunosuppressant pt avoid?
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FRESH, UNCOOKED, RAW foods
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What is the primary nursing responsibility for a pt who is immune supressed?
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REVERSE ISOLATION. protect from infection
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What does an increase in neutrophils mean?
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INFECTION
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What does an autoimmune disease attack?
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Attack connective tissue (collagen)
Antibodies are produced against many different tissue components, such as RBCs, blood vessels, CONNECTIVE TISSUES, endocrine glands, muscles, joints and skin. |
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What is the definition of autoimmune disorder?
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Condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys health body tissue.
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What has autoimmunity been linked to?
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EXCESSIVE INDIGESTION of FATS in diet
attack collegen |
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What cells must be suppressed to prevent transplan rejection?
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NK cells and Tcells- central in the rejection of grafts
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What should you do prior to an organ donation?
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Check blood and tissue types- cross type
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What are possible causes of urticaria on the palms and soles after a transplant?
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Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD)
acute gvhd is often a pruritic skin rash that usually first appears on the pts hand and feet. |
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What are s/s of B12 deficiency?
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SORE BEEFY RED TONGUE, tingling of hands and feet (PARATHESIAS and NEUROPATHY) tachycardia
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What is pernicious anemia?
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parietal cells in gastric mucosa fail to produce INTRINSIC FACTOR, which is needed for the absorption of B12
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What disorder can cause B12 deficiency?
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Autoimmune disease ( Crohn's, Colitis, lack of parietal cells), gastrectomy, strict vegetarians
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What are s/s of ulcerative colitis?
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Diarrhea (15-20 per day)
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What is Occult Blood?
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Hidden blood in the stool
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Why would pt with Crohn's disease need parental injections of vitamins?
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MALABSORPTION and development of pernicious anemia.
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How would you know if parenal injections are working with Crohn's disease?
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pt is gaining weight not
not as many bowel movements |
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What shold you do first before checking bowel sounds?
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INSPECT
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What is the primary goal for a pt with Crohn's disease?
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monitor FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE status and SKIN BREAKDOWN especially if fistules are present; good paraneal care.
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When would a pt with RA complain the most about pain and stiffeness?
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in the MORNING
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What are classic s/s of RA?
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Symetrical joint pain, morning stiffness, edema
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What lab tests would confirm RA?
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elevated ESR- inflammation
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What are the first expected symptoms exhibited with RA?
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Symetrical joint pain and inflammation
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What does SLE stand for?
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
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What is the classic rash called for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
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Facial Erythema (BUTTERFLY RASH)
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What are s/s of SLE?
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BUTTERFLY RASH, proteinuria
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What would you find in a pts urine with SLE?
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protein due to PROTEINURIA
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What test would confirm SLE?
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positive anti deoxyribonucleic acid (ANTI-DNA) and positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and lupus erythematosus cell test.
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Why would a pt with lupus need to monitor body temp?
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monitor for fever: may indicate EXACERBATION
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Who does SLE affect more?
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women, genetics
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What is Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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Auto-antibodies are made against the glomerular base membrane of the LUNGS and KIDNEYS;and against neutrophyls
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What are s/s of Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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shortness of breath, hemoptysis, decreased urine output, edema, HTN, tachycardia
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What is the cause of death with Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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Kidney failure
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What is the treatment for Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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PLASMAPHERESIS: whole blood is removed through a needle in one arm and the blood is circulated through a cell separator.
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