Immune System, Vertebrate Physiology Exam 2

Front 1

Innate immunity

Back 1

Non-specific mechanisms.
-Disease resistant mechanisms -not specific to a particular pathogen
-first line of defense to handle critical period immediately after hose exposure to pathogen

Front 2

Adaptive immunity

Back 2

-High degree of specificity as well as "memory", reduces lag between response
-requires more time to develop
-production of antibodies directed specifically at a bacterial protein, etc.

Front 3

Diapedesis

Back 3

Narrow projection of neutrophil inserted in the space between 2 endothelial cells, squeezes through from vessel to interstitial fluid.

Front 4

chemokines

Back 4

various cytokines with chemoattractant actions

Front 5

opsonin

Back 5

chemical factor produced by the body that can bind the phagocyte tightly to the microbe

Front 6

Inflamation: sequence of events

Back 6

1. entry of bacteria into tissue releases chemicals to initiate events.
2. Vasodialation of microcirculation in the infected area increases blood flow
3. large increase in protein permeability of capillaries and venules in the infected area, with resulting diffusion of protein and filtration of fluid into interstitial space.
4. Chemotaxis: movement of leukocytes from the venules to the interstitial fluid in the infected area.
5. destruction of bacteria in tissue either through phagocytosis or through other mechanisms.
6. tissue repair.

Front 7

Role of phagocytes in immune defense

Back 7

1. intracellular killing of microbes
2. regulation of inflammatory response (positive feedback mechanism)
3. extracellular killing of mimcrobes
4. Activation of clotting and anticlotting pathways
5. Humoral regulation of overall bodily responses to infection

-phagocytic receptors and certain carbohydrates or libs on microbial cell walls interact-identification.

Front 8

Neutrophils

Back 8

-cross the endothelium of capillaries and venules to enter inflamed area
-loosely tethered to the endothelial cells by certain adhesion molecules.
-undergo margination- roll across the vessel surface

Front 9

Natural Killer cells

Back 9

-A class of lymphocytes involved in non-specific defense
-circulate in low numbers, represent the first line of defense with respect to cell-mediated cytotoxicity
-act on insipient cancer cells, virally infected cells
-participation in response is greatly enhanced either by certain antibodies or cytokines secreted by helper t-cells

Front 10

Natural Killer cells- mode of action

Back 10

-secrete toxic chemicals that destroy infected cells
-NK cell often must bind directly to its target
-IL-2 and interferon gamma are the major signals for NK cells to proliferate and secrete chemicals. positive feedback mechanism.