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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How do the words innate and acquired relate to when these types of immunity develop in an animal's body?
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Innate is nonspecific and is developed upon contact externally (skin and mucous membranes and chemicals and phagocytic cells).
and Acquired is after specific exposure when the lymphocytes react specifically to the threat. |
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What does an eosinophil attack?
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parasites. They do so with the use of destructive enzymes
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What does a natural killer cell attack?
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natural killer cells attack virus-infected or cancer cells. they trigger apoptosis.
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What is the complement system
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the complement system assists in acquired defenses. It consists of cytokines
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what are prostaglandins
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prostaglandins promote blood flow to damaged area and is part of the inflammatory response.
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What do neutrophils do
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neutrophils carry out phagocytosis. They are the most numerous phagocytic white blood cells.
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what do monocytes do
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monocytes circulate in bloodstream and enlarge in tissues to turn into macrophages
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what do macrophages do
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macrophages may become permanently attached in various organs and carry out phagocytosis. Then, they present an antigen to alert the rest of the immune system.
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what do dendritic cells do
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dendritic cells stimulate acquired immunity and are antigen-presenting cells and are phagocytotic
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what are mast cells
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they are present in connective tissue. mast cells release histamine when they are damaged.
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what is histamine
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histamine triggers dilation and leakiness of blood vessels when mast cells release it
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what are interferons
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interferons stimulate neighboring cells to produce substances that inhibit viral reproduction
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what are lysozymes
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lysozymes are enzymes that attack bacterial cell walls.
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what are chemokines
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chemokines congregate phagocytic cells and produce antimicrobial compounds
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describe the differences between the antigens that B cell receptors and antibodies recognize and the antigens that T cell receptors on cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells recognize.
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B cell receptors give rise to plasma cells and secrete antibodies.
T cell receptors recognize antigens and MHC molecule complex. |
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How is the great diversity of B and T cells produced?
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they differentiate by moving to different locations
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What prevents B and T cells from reacting against the body's own molecules?
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the system distinguishes own molecules from foreign
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describe clonal selection
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a small number of cells is selected by their interaction with a specific antigen to produce thousands of cells keyed to that particular antigen.
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what surface molecule of a helper T cell facilitates the interaction with a class II MHC molecule of an antigen-presenting cell and the helper T cell?
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CD4 surface proteins
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What surface molecuile on a cytotoxic T cell assists in the interaction with a class I MHC molecule displayed on infected cells?
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CD8 surface proteins
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what does an activated helper T cell release?
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cytokines to stimulate humoral and cell mediated response
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what does a cytotoxic t cell attached to an infected body cell release?
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perforin... it perforates cell membrane
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Blood type/ Antigens/ Antibodies/ Receive from/ Donate to
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Blood type/ Antigens/ Antibodies/ Receive from/ Donate to
A A B A and O AB, A B B A B and O AB, B AB A&B none A,B,AB,O AB O none A&B O O,A,B,AB |
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Why is aids so deadly
why has aids proved to be so difficult to prevent and cure? |
people with it are susceptible to infections and cancers because their immune systems are suppressed
It is difficult to prevent and cure because it kills helper T cells by reproducing or by apoptosis triggered by the virus. |
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Name the five classes of immunoglobulins.
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immunoglobulins: IgD IgM IgA IgE IgG
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which immunoglobulin is first exposure to antigen
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IgM
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which immunoglobulin is most abundant in blood and gives passive immunity to babies?
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IgG
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which immunoglobulin is present in tears, saliva, and mucus, and breast milk
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IgA
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which immunoglobulin is related to allergies and triggers release of histamine
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IgE
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which immunoglobulin is present on surface of naive B cells (has had no exposure to the antigen yet)
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IgD
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what is agglutination
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it causes bacteria to clump together so they are easier to engulf
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besides acting as mechanical barriers, the skin and mucosae of the body contribute to body protection in other ways. cite the common body locations and the importance of mucus, lysozyme, acid pH and cilia
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mucus-located in eyes, mouth, nostrils, skin
importance: traps invaders, prevents entrance lysozyme-located in tears, saliva, mucus importance: attacks bacterial cell walls acid pH-located in skin, and stomach importance: kills some pathogens cilia-located in respiratory tract Importance: traps bacteria and pathogens and removes them |
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although immune system has two arms, it has been said, no t-cells, no immunity, why?
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The t-cells display the antigen and secrete cytokines to activate B and T cells
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as an infant receives her first dose of oral polio vaccine, the nurse explains to her parents that the vaccine is a preparation of weakened virus. What type of immunity will the infant develop?
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active immunity.... can be acquired when the body produces antibodies and develops immunological memory from either exposure to an infectious agent or from immunization
passive immunity is temporary and is poroveided by antibodies supplied through the placenta to a fetus, through milk to a nursing baby, or an antibody injection. |
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explain the underlying mechanisms responsible for the main signs of acute inflammation: heat pain redness swelling
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dilation of small blood vessels and increased blood supply to the area and fluids move from blood to surrounding tissue. Vessels become more permeable. the histamine is responsible for the dilation and leakiness of blood vessels. the histamine is released by damaged mast cells and activated macrophages and others release prostaglandins and other chemicals that promote blood flow to the area
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how does immune system relate to tissue and organ transplants .... and
what is a graft vs. host reaction |
transplants are rejected because foreign MHC molecules are antigens and trigger immune responses. It helps to use closely related donors. a graft vs host reaction may occur in a bone marrow transplant when the new bone marrow cells reject the body of the host. so, major histocompatibility complex needs to match as closely as possible.
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how does immune system relate to blood transfusions
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antibodies to other blood group antigens other than one's own antigens arise in response to normal bacterial flora and circulate in blood plasma, where they induce a devastating transfusion reaction to transfused blood cells with matching antigens.
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how does immune system relate to allergies
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allergies are hypersensitivities to certain environmental antigens. IgE antibodies created in response to an allergen may bind to mast cells in connective tissue. When allergens bind to these cell surface antibodies, the mast cells release histamines, which create an inflammatory response.
$$$$ The immune system overreacts to harmless substances.. Anaphylactic shock may occur... which is a life-threatening allergic reaction in which there is a body-wide release of histamine and blood vessels get bigger throughout the body and there is a blood pressure crash. |
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how is immune system related to autoimmune diseases
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when immune system turns against itself... they may be caused by failure in regulation of self-reactive lymphocytes. examples are lupus and multiple sclerosis.
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how is immune system related to inborn immunodeficiencies
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inborn immunodeficiencies may occur in any of the components of the system. in severe combined immunodeficiency or SCID, both humoral and cell mediated immune systms are nonfunctional. it is a genetic disease in which people are born without immunes systems.
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how is aids related to the immune system
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it suppresses immune system . Hiv infects cells with surface CD4 molecules, including helper T cells, macrophages, and brain cells.
$$ It infects helper T cells so the rest of the immune system is not alerted to the invader. The affected individuals are susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers as a result. |
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how would a macrophage deficiency likely affect a person's innate and acquired defenses?
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innate would be affected because phagocytes are needed for this nonspecific defense mechanism. this innate immunity is needed for the acquired immunity to be functional, even though there are other methods of obtaining innate immunity. the phagocytes are needed to present the antigen that is infecting the host to the acquired immune system.
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many anti-allergy medications block responses by mast cells. explain why these drugs are effective in treating allergies like hay fever.
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mast cells produce histamines due to pathogens, so if their responses are blocked, then no inflammation, leakiness, and dilation occur. they're called antihistamines... they block the receptors for histamine.
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in myasthenia gravis, antibodies bind to and block acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, preventing muscle contraction. is this disease best classified as an immunodeficiency disease, autoimmune, or allergic? explain
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it is an autoimmune disease because the immune system turns against itself since antibodies (part of the immune system) prevent the contraction from occurring.
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people who have nonfunctional chemokine receptors because of a genetic mutation are immune to HIV infection.. why ?/
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chemokines cause congregation of phagocytic cells and the production of antimicrobial compounds. So, the hiv can't infect the helper t cells because the phagocytic cells already eat them before they can get to them since the phagocytic cells are clumped there.
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B cell function
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Immunity is divided into two types. (acquired and innate)
Acquired Immunity is what is divided into Humoral (B Cell) immunity or Cell mediated (T Cell immunity) Humoral Immunity is promoted by B Lymphocytes. This immunity is mediated by secreting antibodies. The Antibodies bind to antigens and mark them for destruction by phagocytes or the complement. B Lymphocytes divide into plasma cells and memory B Cells. Plasma cells begin synthesizing more free antibodies and memory B cells remain in the body in case of reinfection. |
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Plasma cells
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lymphocytes that are parto f the humoral response and produce antibodies
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helper T cells
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they stimulate B and T cells by displaying antigen and releasing cytokines. They activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells which attack infected or cancer cells through apoptosis or they kill pathogen itself.
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cytotoxic T cells
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help cell mediated response and attack body cells and cancer cells and transplanted tissues.
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memory cells
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derive from dividsion of b cells. have prolonged life and remember specific intruders. they can be B or T cells
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phagocytes
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find and eat bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells and display antigens.
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lymphocytes
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white blood cells that originate in bone marrow and may migrate to parts of the lymphatic system .... they are B and T cells
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antibodies
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produced by B cells. they are proteins athat mark intruders for destruction by other cells
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cytokines
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regulate other cells and are secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells after they engulf microbes. They are a group of proteins secreted by phagocytes and helper t-cells to alert body (B and T cells_) that it is under attack.
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list the major difference between innate and acquired immunity
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innate is nonspecific and is general defenses in the 1st and 2nd line of defense
and acquired is specific. and is third line of defense. it's designed by immune system, attacks and remembers |
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list the four types of innate 1st line of defense mechanisms.
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skin and mucous membranes, secretions, cilia, stomach acid
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what is an epitope
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an epitope is a localized region on the surface of an antigen and is the part that is recognized.
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explain the process of phagocytosis
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cells engulf quantities of food nonspecifically using enzymes
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list the 4 types of phagocytes
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neutrophils
monocytes eosinophils dendritic cells |
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which type of phagocytes are found permanently in the lymph nodes?
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monocytes
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which type of phagocyte would be most effective against roundworm infection
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eosinophils
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list four organs found in the immune system
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spleen, thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, appendix, adenoids, tonsils
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define apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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define antigen
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foreign molecule recognized by lymphocytes... they are the proteins on surface of pathogens
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define antibody
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antibodies are blood proteins which mark antigens for destruction and are made by B cells.
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list two targest of natural killer cells
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virus-infected cells and cancer cells
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explain events that occur when you step on a rusty nail.
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phagocytes migrate to injured tissues. several chemicals attract them. they devour pathogens and clean up remains of tissue cells and neutrophils that have self-destructed. inflammation occurs when mast cells release histamines.
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purpose of taking antihistamines for allergies and colds
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antihistamines block reception of histamineswhich are released due to allergens.
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give one positive and one negative consequence of fever
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p-stimulate phagocytosis and tissue repair
n-septic shock may occur by overwhelming response |
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list the four main features of acquired immunity and explain each
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it is specific, it is diverse, memory, knows the difference between self and nonself
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make a list showing 4 differences between the humoral response and cell-mediated response.
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humoral: include B cells; produce antibodies; involves blood and lymph; defend against toxins, viruses in body fluids
cell-mediated: include T cells; does not produce antibodies; defends against bacteria-and-virus-infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted tissues, fungi protists, worms, and is not limited to the blood and lymph. |
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2 major classes of lymphocytes where does each mature
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b bone marrow
t thymus |
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what is difference between effector and memory cells
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effectors are short lived and fight pathogens
memory cells are longlived and carry antigen receptors |
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difference between primary and secondary immune response
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primary: first exposure to antigen 10-17 days; produced by effector T cells; produces effector cells.
secondary: body encounters same antigen again. takes 2 go 7 days; memory cells |
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lysozymes
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protective enzymes in sweat and tears that can digest bacterial walls
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macrophage
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White blood cells that engulf invaders
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monocytes
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big eaters that reside permanently in lymph organs
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which are the most common phagocytes
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neutrophils
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