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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Immune system provides protection, eliminates foreign substances, identifies
non self proteins and what? |
Immune system provides protection, eliminates foreign substances, identifies
non self proteins and what? - Immature cells - removes foreign proteins and other Substances |
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What cells are responsible for phagocytosis?
what is phagocytosis? |
What cells are responsible for phagocytosis?
- neutrophils - macrophages what is phagocytosis? -scan and destroy |
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Where do non-specific and specific immune response begin?
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where do non specific and specific immune response begin?
-Stem Cells located in Red Bone Marrow |
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What would you notice in a pts CBC that would indicate an overwhelming
infection? |
What would you notice in a pts CBC that would indicate an overwhelming
infection? -bands shifting to the left (this means they are immature b/c we used up all the mature ones.) |
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what WBC is the greatest number?
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what WBC is the greatest number?
-neutrophils |
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What is histamine?
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What is histamine?
- an allergy response |
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What is Basophils job?
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What is Basophils job?
-releases Histamine (allergies) |
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what norm WBC level?
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what norm WBC level?
5000-10,000 |
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What is function of Leukocytes (WBC)?
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What is function of Leukocytes (WBC)?
- destroy foreign cells (phagocytotic) - lice the cell (kill) - make antibodies (produce specific antibody against the antigen) - Leukocytes do not make cytokines |
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what is S/S of inflammation?
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what is S/S of inflammation?
- redness - warmth - swelling - pain - decrease function |
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What do you try to prevent when pt.’s WBC is < 1000?
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what do you try to prevent when pt.’s WBC is < 1000
- prevent infection because pt. has no immunity |
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What is the first line of defense against infection?
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What is the first line of defense against infection?
- Intact skin is the best defense against microorganisms |
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What's the next step for B cells after encountering an antigen?
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What's the next step for B cells after encountering an antigen?
-Make copy, send specific antibodies to T cells (so it can attack the specific antibodies after encountering antigen) |
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What does IgG (Immunoglobulin G) indicates when it is elevated?
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What does IgG (Immunoglobulin G) indicates when it is elevated?
- pt. has Infection, Virus and/or Bacteria |
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What is IgG (Immunoglobulin G)?
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IgG (Immunoglobulin G)
- is major antibody found in blood - normal range: 620 – 1400 mg/dl - fight infection |
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What is artificial immunity?
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What is artificial immunity?
- Vaccinations / Immunizations (artificially introduced) |
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What does IgE (Immunoglobulin E) indicate?
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What does IgE (Immunoglobulin E) indicate?
- an Allergic Response (s/s sneezing, itching, running nose, redness, swelling, coughing, rhinitis) |
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What are the subset of T cells (T lymphocytes) for cell mediated immunity?
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What are the subset of T cells (T lymphocytes) for cell mediated immunity?
- Helper Cells (CD4) - Suppressor cells (CD8) - Natural Killer Cells (cytotoxic T) NK cells |
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What does innate / natural immunity mean?
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What does innate / natural immunity mean?
-body's first line of defense against the external environment |
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After having the flu, pt has what kind of immunity?
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After having the flu, pt has what kind of immunity?
- Natural, Active Immunity |
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What is neutropenia?
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what is neutropenia
- lack of neutrophils FYI: neutropenia, a condition of an abnormally low number of neutrophils (white blood cells) |
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Is increased granulocyte, a desired to response to treatment of neutropenia?
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Is increased granulocyte, a desired to response to treatment of neutropenia?
-YES, it shows that the treatment is working (you would be triggering more WBC's being made). Increase granulocytes will increase neutrophils |
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What does desensitization mean?
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What does desensitization mean?
-lower or suppress immune response to an allergy (give in small amounts subQ daily and increase the dose slowly on a daily basis) |
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Would an increase in granulocytes be positive in a pt with neutropenia?
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Would an increase in granulocytes be positive in a pt with neutropenia?
-yes |
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Why is an infection is a problem after splenectomy (remove the spleen)?
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Why is an infection is a problem after splenectomy (remove the spleen)?
- Because you just lost part of the immune system |
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Why after weekly (or daily) desensitization treatment pt. have to wait for 20 minutes?
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Why after weekly desensitization treatment pt. have to wait for 20 minutes?
- You want to make sure that pt. doesn’t have allergic reaction - Have Epinephrine and Benedryl ready in case |
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Why do we need to decrease that allergy injection dose if the pt. missed the previous week?
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Why do we need to decrease that allergy injection dose if the pt. missed the previous week?
- Because immunity has been decreased during the week that missed - Consult doctor |
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What is Anaphylaxis?
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What is Anaphylaxis?
- Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction - Need immediate attention |
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What is your first intervention for pt. with Anaphylaxis?
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What is your first intervention for pt. with Anaphylaxis?
- Establish airway - Check ABC (airway, breathing, circulation) -give epi & Benadrill |
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If pt is a healthy old adult and immune system is intact, should it function properly?
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If pt is a healthy old adult and immune system is intact, should it function properly?
-YES. Immune system should function normally in older adults |
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What do you teach a pt. who has numerous allergies?
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what do you teach a pt. who has numerous allergies?
- need to find out what he/she allergic to - avoid the allergen |
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What does a positive scratch test indicate?
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What does a positive scratch test indicate?
-an allergy. The pt is allergic to the substance |
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What group of people are at risk for latex allergy beside nurses?
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What group of people are at risk for latex allergy beside nurses?
- Mechanics - Food servers - Hair Dressers - anyone who wears gloves regularly |
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Which fruits should you avoid if you're allergic to latex?
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Which fruits should you avoid if you're allergic to latex?
-Kiwi -Banana |
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What kind of condoms do u have a pt who is allergic to latex use?
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What kind of condoms do u have a pt who is allergic to latex use? \
-Latex-Free condoms |
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Pt. is exposed to poison ivy on the left leg, what is the S/S would you try to control so pt. doesn’t get secondary infection?
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Pt. is exposed to poison ivy on the left leg, what is the S/S would you try to control so pt. doesn’t get secondary infection
- Itching & Scratching - Do not scratch -wash off & wash hands, pat dry, apply barrier, no heat, apply cold (the pt will b at risk for an infection if there is no barrier protecting the open scratches) |
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What is Urticaria?
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What is Urticaria?
- Hives (skin welts, raised red itchy bumps, wheels) - allergic reaction to ABX (antibiotics) |
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What is Angioedema?
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What is Angioedema?
- Severe allergic reaction. - needs immediate urgent attention (FYI: Angioedema refers to swelling that occurs in the tissue just below the surface of the skin, most often around the lips and eyes.) |
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What are the physical s/s of Anaphylaxis?
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What are the physical s/s of Anaphylaxis?
- Angioedema (swelling beneath the skin) à emergency - Increase Heart Rate - Weak & Rapid Thready Pulse - Hypotension - System collapsed (also possible answers: Urticaria & Pruritus) (FYI: Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening type of allergic reaction) |
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What is excessive response to the presence of an allergen?
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what is excessive response to the presence of allergen?
- Hypersensitivity or an Allergy |
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What is the normal Pulse oximetry range?
What are other names for Pulse oximetry? |
What is the normal Pulse oximetry range?
- saturation (SaO2) 95-100% What are other names for Pulse oximetry? - Pulse Ox - SaO2 - SpO2 and - Oximetry range |
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Is angioedema urgent?
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Is angioedema urgent?
-yes. it can cause death |
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What is Pulse oximetry used for measuring?
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What is Pulse oximetry used for measuring?
Pulse oximetry is used to measure the O2 in the pt's body tissue (FYI:Pulse oximetry provides estimates of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2) of a patient's hemoglobin.) |
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Is wheezing a symptom of anaphylaxis?
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Is wheezing a symptom of anaphylaxis?
-Yes, it is an emergency situation. If pt is blue that means that there is no O2 in the persons system. *FYI: wheezing is bad, but it depends on the pt's situation. What does the pt look like at the time of the situation? - BLUE |
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What does diminished breath sounds mean for a pt with an asthma attack?
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What does diminished breath sounds mean for a pt with an asthma attack?
-airway is obstructed and getting worse, respiratory failure (no breathing =no o2) |
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What does the position of the pt have to do with breath sounds?
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What does the position of the pt have to do with breath sounds?
- To listen to it pt. need to be in a sitting up position (high Fowler, semi fowler…) |
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What is your intervention when pt. has transfusion reaction?
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What is your intervention when pt. has transfusion reaction?
- Stop the transfusion immediately - Start IV with normal saline - Collect urine sample - Send everything to the lab |
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What Is Autologous Blood?
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What Is Autologous Blood?
- The patient's own blood. |
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Can pt. with A negative blood donate to A positive pt.?
Why or why not? |
Can pt. with A negative blood donate to A positive pt.?
- NO Why not? - Because it is different type it will cause hemolytic reaction |
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What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
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What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?
- blood types don't match and the blood cells destroy one another |
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What blood type is the universal donor?
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What blood type is the universal donor?
- O neg |
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What foods should an immunosuppressant pt. avoid?
what is ok to eat? |
What foods should an immunosuppressant pt. avoid?
- Avoid fresh, uncooked, raw foods - fresh, uncooked, raw, unprotected foods what is ok to eat? - ok to eat banana's and fruits with skin that need peeling. |
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What blood type is the universal recipient?
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What blood type is the universal recipient?
- AB+ |
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What is the primary nursing responsibility for a pt. who is immune suppressed?
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What is the primary nursing responsibility for a pt. who is immune suppressed?
- Reverse isolation - Protection pt. from infection (us) and us from the pt. |
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What has autoimmune been linked to?
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What has autoimmune been linked to?
- excessive ingestion of fats in the diet |
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What does Autoimmune diseases attack?
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What does Autoimmune diseases attack?
- your connective tissue / collagen |
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Definition of autoimmune disorder?
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Definition of autoimmune disorder?
- When the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroy healthy body tissues |
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What cell should be suppressed to prevent transplant rejection?
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What cell should be suppressed to prevent transplant rejection?
- The Natural Killer T Cell |
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What are the immunosuppressant drugs?
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What are the immunosuppressant drugs?
- Methotrexate (rjei,atrex) - Cyclosporine (neural sandimmune) - Azathioprine (Imuran) - Prograf (tacrolimus) |
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What nursing intervention for pt. with immune disorder?
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What nursing intervention for pt. with immune disorder?
- Protect pt. from infection (because pt. is lacking of immunity) |
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What do you do prior to an organ donation?
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What do you do prior to an organ donation?
- Cross check blood and tissue types to prevent rejection |
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What is possible cause for urticaria on pt.’s palm and sole shortly after bone marrow transplant?
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What is possible cause for urticaria on pt.’s palm and sole shortly after bone marrow transplant?
- GVHD (Graft Versus Host Disease) - Complication of transplantation |
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What are s/s of B12 deficiency?
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What are s/s of B12 deficiency?
- Sore red beefy tongue - Paresthesia (numb and tingling of hands and feet) - Fatigue - Anorexia - Weight loss - Pallor (pale) |
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What substances influences B12 deficiency?
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What substances influences B12 deficiency?
- Lack of secretion of Intrinsic Factor from the parietal cell (pernicious anemia) |
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What kinds of disorders cause B12 deficiency?
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What kinds of disorders cause B12 deficiency?
- Anorexia - Crohns disease - Gastric surgery (lack of parietal cells) - Ulcerative colitis |
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What are the s/s of Ulcerated Colitis?
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What are the s/s of Ulcerated Colitis?
- Weight loss - Diarrhea (15–20X a day) - Abd distension - Bloody Diarrhea - Occult Blood (hidden blood) |
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What does occult mean?
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What does occult mean?
-hidden blood in stool, check in IBS and ulcerative cholitis |
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Would you check for occult in pt. with ulcerative colitis or IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)?
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Would you check for occult in pt. with ulcerative colitis or IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)
- YES |
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Why do pt's with crohn’s disease need parental vitamin injections?
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Why do pt's with crohn’s disease need parental vitamin injections?
- Because pt. has intestine absorption problem. can't absorb orally |
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How do you know the treatment is working for crohn’s disease pt.?
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How do you know the treatment is working for crohn’s disease pt.
- Pt. gaining weight (pt. is absorbing nutrient) |
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When checking bowel sound what you do first?
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When checking bowel sound what you do first?
- Inspection because if you start palpation everything inside will start aggravating |
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What is primary goal of care for crohn’s pt.?
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What is primary goal of care for crohn’s pt.?
- Monitor fluid and electrolytes - Monitor skin break down (peritoneal + anal areas) |
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When would pt. with RA (Rheumatoid arthritis) complain the most about pain and stiffness?
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When would pt. with RA (Rheumatoid Arthritis) complain the most about pain and stiffness?
- In the morning (because it is immobile at night) |
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What are the classic S/S of RA?
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What are the classic S/S of RA?
- Joint pain, - joint swelling, - joint stiffness BILATERALLY |
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What lab do you expect to see elevated in the RA pt.?
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What lab do you expect to see elevated in the RA pt.?
- Elevated ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) indicates inflammation |
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What is the first symptom of RA
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What is the first symptom of RA
- Inflammation and Join pain (synovial tissue) |
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What is the classic s/s of SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)?
what are the other s/s? |
What is the classic s/s of SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus)?
- Butterfly rash on the face What other signs? - fever - weight loss - fatigue - proteinuria (profusely) |
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what is proteinuria?
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what is proteinuria?
- an excess serum protein in urine (FYI: the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder) |
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what do we find in urine of a pt. with SLE?
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what do we find in urine of a pt. with SLE
- proteinuria |
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what test confirms SLE?
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what test confirm SLE
- anti-deoxyribonucleic acid (ANTI-DNA) - positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) |
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why pt. with SLE need to monitor body temperature
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why pt. with SLE need to monitor body temperature?
- because if temperature is elevated it may indicates exacerbation (SLE is getting worse) |
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is SLE genetic problem? most with male or female?
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is SLE genetic problem?
- YES - female |
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What is Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What is Goodpasture's Syndrome?
- It is autoimmune disorder - Attack kidney (glomerulus membrane) and lungs - Against neutrophils (FYI: Goodpasture's Syndrome is a rare disease in which the kidneys are attacked by the body's own immune system, also known as anti - GBM disease) |
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What are the s/s of Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What are the s/s of Goodpasture's Syndrome?
- SOB - Hemoptotis (cough up blood) - Decrease ursine output - Generalized edema - Weight gain - Hypertension - tachycardia |
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What is the cause of death in Goodpasture's Syndrome?
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What is the cause of death in Goodpasture's Syndrome?
- Kidney failure |
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What kind of treatment do we offer to Goodpasture's Syndrome pt.?
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What kind of treatment do we offer to Goodpasture's Syndrome pt.?
- PLASMAPHERESIS (remove antibody from the blood plasma) |
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RH- can't get RH+
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RH- can't get RH+ (need rhagam injections)
but RH+ can get RH- |