Immune System Notes

Front 1

Viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms that cause disease

Back 1

pathogens

Front 2

Defense against disease may be grouped into 2 broad areas:

Back 2

o Nonspecific resistance
o Specific resistnace

Front 3

compromises a wide variety of body reactions that provide immediate responses to fight invasion by a wide range of pathogens

Back 3

Nonspecific resistance

Front 4

Nonspecific resistance lacks____ _____ to specific invaders

Back 4

specific responses

Front 5

1st Line of Defense:

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Skin and Mucous membranes

Front 6

Both ____ _____barriers discourage pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body and causing disease

Back 6

physical and chemical

Front 7

first line of defense barriers

Back 7

These barriers include skin, sweat, tears, saliva, membranes lining body passages, mucus, stomach acid, and urine

Front 8

____, _____, and _____ contain chemicals that kill or inhibit some bacteria

Back 8

Sweat, tears, and saliva

Front 9

entraps pathogens that are then washed away or destroyed by chemicals

Back 9

Mucus that covers internal membranes

Front 10

allows for pathogen to enter the body

Back 10

Broken skin

Front 11

destroys many pathogens that may be present in food

Back 11

Stomach acid

Front 12

2nd Line if Defense:

Back 12

Internal Defense

Front 13

If a pathogen gets past the first line of defense and starts an infection, part of the 2nd line of defense become activated. Whats the result?

Back 13

The result is the inflammatory response

Front 14

The second line of defense (internal defense) consist of

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o Antimicrobial proteins
o Phagocytotes
o Natural killer cells (NK)
o Inflammation
o Fever

Front 15

Natural killer cells

Back 15

lymphacytes that have the ability to induce cytosis (apoptosis) and killing a wide variety of infectioys microbes and certain tumor/cancer cells

Front 16

Some cancer and AIDS patients have defective or decreased numbers of

Back 16

NK cells

Front 17

the body’s attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury to prevent their spread to other organs and prepare the site for repair

Back 17

Inflammation

Front 18

a reaction of the body due to a release of chemical signals that causes swelling, redness, warmth, and pain in the area of an infection

Back 18

inflammatory response

Front 19

One of the most involved chemicals is ________ it is released form the most cells in connective tissure

Back 19

histamine

Front 20

The increased blood flow causes puffiness and warmth attracts ______

Back 20

phargocytes (neutrophilis and macrophages)

Front 21

giant white blood cells that can ingest large numbers of bacteria and damaged tissue

Back 21

Macrophages

Front 22

eventually _____ which is a mixture of phagocytes, dead cells, bacteria , and body fluid, collects into the wound

Back 22

pus

Front 23

an abnormally high body temperature. Its significance isn’t fully known

Back 23

Fever

Front 24

intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions that aid in repair

Back 24

an elevated body temperature

Front 25

When the inflammatory response defense is insufficient , the pathogen is targeted for destruction by the bodies ____ _____ __ _____

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last line of defense

Front 26

recognizes , attacks, destroys and “remembers” each kind of pathogen or foreign substances that enters the body

Back 26

The immune system

Front 27

Third Line of Defense:

Back 27

Specific Resistance

Front 28

The various mechanisms of nonspecific resistance hove one thing in common.

Back 28

They are not specifically directed against a particular type of invader.

Front 29

Specific resistance differs from nonspecific resistance in that it targets ____ antigens.

Back 29

specific

Front 30

any substance such as microbes, foods, drugs, pollen or tissue that the immune system recognizes as foreign.

Back 30

antigen

Front 31

The cells of each human contain a unique combination of ________ that no other human has.

Back 31

proteins

Front 32

tissues from one person transplanted into another will act as an _______

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antigen.

Front 33

An immune response to an antigen acts to ______ the antigen

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destroy

Front 34

The immune system includes:

Back 34

the bone marrow, white blood cells, especially phagocytes and lymphocytes, and various tissues of the lymphatic system.

Front 35

The basis of immunity lies in the bodys ability to distinguish between:

Back 35

its own substances or ‘°self’°, and foreign substances or ‘non-self”.

Front 36

When the body recognizes foreign cells or molecules, it produces ______ or special cells that bind to the foreign substance and inactivate it.

Back 36

antibodies

Front 37

Specific immunity is NOT present at birth;

Back 37

it is acquired:

Front 38

recognition is based on differences in certain large molecules, such as ______, between one organism and another.

Back 38

proteins

Front 39

As a person’s immune system encounters antigens, it _____ the best way to attack each antigen and begins to develop a _____for that antigen.

Back 39

“learns”
“memory”

Front 40

The primary agents of the immune response are: .

Back 40

lymphocytes.

Front 41

Lymphocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) that originate in the:

Back 41

bone marrow

Front 42

Lymphocytes are one of the five kinds of ____ _____ ____ circulating in the blood.

Back 42

white blood cells

Front 43

Lymphocytes live a long time (years or even decades) and therefore they can:

Back 43

remember every antigen they have ever encountered.

Front 44

The most abundant lymphocytes are:

Back 44

B lymphocytes - B cells
T lymphocytes - T ce//s

Front 45

B cells are ____ that originate and mature in the ____ ____

Back 45

lymphocytes

bone marrow (remember B for bone).

Front 46

B cells hove particular sites ______ on their surface where specific antigens can attach.

Back 46

(receptors)

Front 47

B cells are lymphocytes that originate and mature in the:

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bone marrow (remember B for bone).

Front 48

The plasma membrane surface of B cells is characterized by specialized antigen receptors called:

Back 48

atibodies.

Front 49

When B cells encounter antigens that specifically bind to their antibodies, they proliferate producing two kinds of daughter B cells.

Back 49

Plasma cells
Memory cells

Front 50

_______ cells are B cells that release their specific antibodies which then circulate through the body , binding to antigens.

Back 50

Plasma

Front 51

_____ cells are long-lived B cells that do NOT release their antibodies in response to the immediate antigen invasion. Instead, the memory cells circulate in the body and respond quickly to eliminate any subsequent invasion by the same antigen.

Back 51

Memory

Front 52

_______ are produced in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland (T for thymus).

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T lymphocytes (T cells)

Front 53

where do t cells learn how to distinguish ‘self” from “non-self”.

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the thymus

(where) they mature

Front 54

what would happen if t cells didnt know how to distinguish between sef and nonself?

Back 54

T cells could attack the body’s own cells and tissues.

Front 55

There are different types of T lymphocytes. They are:

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o Killer (cytotoxic) T cells
o Helper T cells
o Suppressor T cells

Front 56

____ _ ____ police the human body, looking for cells showing signs of
infection and destroying them. T cells kill foreign cells by making holes in the cell membrane and injecting enzymes into the cells.

Back 56

Killer T cells

Front 57

___ _ ___can be regarded as the administrators of the system.

Back 57

killer t cells

Front 58

In the initial stages of war, they decipher the properties of the foreigner cells absorbed by the macrophages and other antigen catcher cells

Back 58

Killer T Cells

Front 59

After they receive the due signal, they stimulate killer T and B cells to fight. This stimulation causes B cells to produce weapons called antibodies

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Killr t cels

Front 60

_____ _ ___ produce substances that help end the immune response.

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Suppressor T cells

Front 61

As the antibodies and phagocytes overcome the infection, the ____ _ ___ , release substances that slow down and eventually stop the plasma cells from producing antibodies.

Back 61

suppressor T cells

Front 62

______ ______ is the type of immunity that is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth (inherited and permanent).

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Natural immunity

Front 63

The second major kind of defense is _____ ______ . It develops during the persons lifetime after exposure to foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses.

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acquired immunity

Front 64

Acquired defenses are _____ ____ . They can distinguish between one antigen and another, even if they differ only slightly.

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highly specific

Front 65

________ is when the body produces its own antibodies or killer T cells to attack a particular antigen. This comes from being inoculated with a vaccine or antigen.

Back 65

Acquired/Artificial Active immunity

Front 66

when the body produces its own antibodies or killer T cells to attack a particular antigen.

Back 66

Active immunity

Front 67

a person is given antibodies obtained from the blood of either another person or an animal.

Back 67

Passive immunity

Front 68

is “borrowed” immunity. It is also temporary because the body usually destroys the borrowed antibodies.

Back 68

Passive immunity

Front 69

It comes from the I-IIV virus that attacks the helper T cell.

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AIDS

Front 70

The lymphatic system is part of the body’s _____ ____

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circulation process.

Front 71

the ____ ____ is a network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph from tissues to the bloodstream.

Back 71

lymphatic system

Front 72

The _____ _____are present wherever there are blood vessels and transport excess fluid to the end vessels without the assistance of any “pumping” action.

Back 72

lymphatic vessels

Front 73

lymphatic vessels rely on the ____ to “squeeze” the lymph vessels to move the lymph along.

Back 73

muscles

Front 74

The ______ _____ branch through all parts of the body like the arteries and veins that carry blood.

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lymphatic vessels

Front 75

Except that the lymphatic system carries a colorless liquid called:

Back 75

‘lymph’.

Front 76

_____ is a clear to white, milky body fluid. It is made of:
o White blood cells
o Proteins
o Water
o Cell waste

Back 76

Lymph

Front 77

_____ are made of soft glandular tissue and are part of the immune system.

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Tonsils

Front 78

A main function of ______ is to trap bacteria and viruses (germs) which you may breathe in.

Back 78

tonsils

Front 79

The ______ are at the back of your nose, where it meets the bock of your throat.

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adenoids

Front 80

The _____ and _____ help to protect the entrance to the digestive system and the lungs from bacteria and viruses.

Back 80

Tonsils
adenoids

Front 81

The _______ is involved in the creation of red blood cells and certain white blood cells.

Back 81

spleen

Front 82

Like the lymph nodes, the _____ contains antibody-producing lymphocytes. These antibodies weaken or kill bacteria, viruses, and other organisms that cause infection.

Back 82

spleen

Front 83

The _____ is inside the ribcage, just behind the breastbone.

Back 83

thymus

Front 84

It is another filtering organ of the blood, that contains many white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Back 84

thymus

Front 85

The ______ programs these lymphocytes to become various Tlymphocytes or Tcells for specific immune defenses.

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thymus

Front 86

The wall of the ______ contains lymphatic tissue for making antibodies.

Back 86

appendix

Front 87

At certain locations lymphatics enter ____ ____

Back 87

lymph nodes.

Front 88

structures that consist of lymphatic tissue

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lymph nodes.

Front 89

_____ are tiny, bean-shaped, soft nodules connected by vessels.

Back 89

Lymph nodes

Front 90

They are located in clusters in various parts - of the body, such as the neck, armpit, and groin, and are also scattered all along the lymph vessels.

Back 90

Lymph node

Front 91

produce immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells).

Back 91

Lymph nodes

Front 92

They also filter the lymph fluid and remove foreign material, such as bacteria and cancer cells.

Back 92

Lymph nodes

Front 93

are large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine, part of the lymphatic system which help to fight infection.

Back 93

Peyer’s Patches

Front 94

Cells destined to become immune cells, like all other blood cells, are produced in the ___ _____ , the soft tissue in the hollow shafts of long bones.

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bone marrow

Front 95

The descendants of some so-called stem cells become lymphocytes, while others develop into a second major group of immune cells typified by the large, cell-and particle -devouring white cells known as:

Back 95

phagocytes