Immune System Chap 21

Front 1

Resistance is:

Back 1

The ability to ward off disease.

Front 2

Nonspecific Resistance is:

Back 2

Defenses that protect against all pathogens.

Front 3

Specific Resistance is:

Back 3

Protection against specific pathogens.

Front 4

Susceptibility is:

Back 4

Vulnerability or lack of resistance.

Front 5

First Line of Defense:

Back 5

Non-specific natural barriers which restrict entry of pathogen.
Examples: Skin and mucous membranes.

Front 6

Second Line of Defense:

Back 6

Non-specific defenses that provide rapid local response to pathogen after it has entered body.
Examples: Fever, WBC's- phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils), inflammation, and interferon.

Front 7

Third line of defense:

Back 7

Antigen-specific immune responses, specifically target and attack invaders that get past first two lines of defense.
Examples: Antibodies and lymphocytes.

Front 8

Inflammation is:

Back 8

a Nonspecific Defense
1. Damaged cells release chemical signals: Histamine and other molecules.
2. Local response to chemical signals:
Increase in local blood flow and vascular permeability
-Redness
-Heat
-Swelling
-Pain
3. Phagocytic white blood cells come into area: Engulf bacteria, dead cell parts, and other microbes.
4. Tissue heals.

Front 9

Lymphatic and Immune System:
Functions:

Back 9

1. Defends against infection: bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.
2. Destruction of cancer and foreign cells.
3. Synthesis of antibodies and other immune molecules.
4. Synthesis of white blood cells.

Front 10

Lymphatic and Immune System:
Homeostatic Role:

Back 10

Returns fluid and proteins that have leaked from blood capillaries into tissues.
- Up to 4 liters of fluid every day.
- Fluid returned near heart/venae cavae.

Front 11

Third Line of Defense:
Immunity =

Back 11

“Free from burden”. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.

Front 12

Third Line of Defense:
Immune Response =

Back 12

production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens.

Front 13

Third Line of Defense:
Antigen =

Back 13

Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response.

Front 14

There are 2 types of antigen =

Back 14

1. Microbial antigens: Viral capsid, bacterial call wall, etc.
2. Non-microbial antigens: Pollen, latex, food, etc.

Front 15

Antibody is:

Back 15

Protein found in blood plasma that attaches to antigen and helps counteract its effects.

Front 16

Vaccination or Immunization is:

Back 16

Process in which harmless forms of antigen or pathogen are introduced into body to provoke an immune response.

Front 17

Cell Mediated Immunity:

Back 17

Immunity that requires cell to cell contact.
Carried out by T cells:
Develop in the thymus.
Only recognize antigen associated with self-protein.

Front 18

Cell Mediated Immunity:
T cytotoxic cells =

Back 18

Important in defense against:
Cancer cells
Self cells infected with fungi, viruses, protozoans, and bacteria.

Front 19

Cell Mediated Immunity:
T helper cells =

Back 19

Play a central role in immunity.
Act indirectly by controlling the immune functions of other cells:
Increased antibody production by B cells.
Increased phagocytosis by macrophages.
Increased killing of foreign and cancer cells.

Front 20

Humoral (Antibody Mediated) Immunity

Back 20

Antibodies are found in our body fluids:
- Blood
- Lymph
- Interstitial fluid
Antibodies are produced by B cells.
B cells develop in bone marrow.

Front 21

in Humoral Immunity -Antibodies:

Back 21

- specific molecules that circulate through out our body and attach to foreign antigens, marking them for destruction.
- Foreign antigen does not have to be associated with a self antigen to be recognized.
- Antibodies can be passed from one individual to another:
-->Mother-child: Mother’s antibodies cross placenta. Also found in breast milk.

Front 22

in Humoral Immunity -
Antigen have specific regions to which antibodies bind:

Back 22

1. Antigen are usually proteins or large polysaccharides.
2. Antibodies usually identify localized regions, antigenic determinants, on part of the antigen molecule, by means of a “lock-and-key” fit.
3. An antigen may have several antigenic determinants. Each antibody has two identical antigen-binding sites.

Front 23

in Humoral Immunity -
Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens:

Back 23

1. Each B cell has a specific antigen receptor on its surface before it is exposed to an antigen.
2. The functioning of the immune system is dependent on the diversity of antigen receptors.
3. Upon exposure to an antigen, a tiny fraction of the lymphocytes are able to bind to it and are activated.
4. These cells proliferate, forming a clone of genetically identical effector cells.
5. These effector cells secrete antibodies specific to the antigen.