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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immune system has two parts |
Innate immunity Acquired immunity |
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Innate immunity |
Does not depend on previous exposure to antigen Not specific Creates no memory Cannot alter size of its response to antigen |
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Acquired Immunity |
Specific - recognises non self in highly specific manner Memory - following previous exposure Involves specific group of white blood cells - lymphocytes - antibodies they create Ability to amplify response - make more antibodies |
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Lymphocytes |
Created within bone marrow Mature in bone marrow or thymus T-lymphocytes = cellular reactions B-lymphocytes = produce antibody B-lymphocytes - blast cells - memory cells / antibody secreting lymphocytes (plasma cells) |
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Antibodies |
Large soluble protein molecules Produced by b lymphocytes cell Specifically designed to fit into specific antigens and neutralise them or facilitate their destruction |
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What’re antibodies made up of? |
Immunoglobulins (Ig) Glycoproteins found in serum and tissue fluid of mammals IgG - most abundant (70-75% of total) IgM - primary response IgA - produced in mucosal linings eg intestine, genitourinaty tract, resp system. Also found in tears, saliva and colostrum IgD IgE |
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IgG |
Ig molecules bind specifically to a pathogen and eliminate it |
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Antigen - antibody complexes |
Antibodies latch onto antigens and form complex - neutralise antigen Antibodies also signal to other cells to encourage phagocytosis and complement |
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Antibody production 1st exposure |
Pathogen identified by innate system Phagocytosis by macrophages/dendritic cells Presents antigen to T cells which stimulate antibody production to specific antigen Mostly igM produced |
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Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
Form link between innate and adaptive immune system. Presents antigen to t helper cells which activates B cells to produce specific antibody |
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Antibody production 2nd exposure |
Recognition of antigen Memory cells transform to antibody producing cells (without help of T cells) Switch from IgM to IgG (still against same antigen) Faster response with more antibodies produced more quickly Offending pathogens usually removed before disease is experienced Host then immune to that particular disease Second response lasts longer as higher levels of ABs created |
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Active acquired immunity |
Natural active acquired immunity is created by an infection - 1st infection takes longer as body has to create antibody - 2nd infection antibodies are already there just replicate - quick response |
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Antibody levels naturally decline over time when not being used |
Therefore boosters required Natural re exposure where diseases are endemic |
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Artificially created in vaccine - active acquired immunity |
Deliberate exposure antigen in a way that will not cause disease but will stimulate antibody production and immune response On actually infection, antibodies are already there |
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Active acquired immunity can be created artificially by vaccination |
Deliberate exposure antigen that will not cause disease but stimulate antibody production and immune response. On actual infection, ABs are already there Antibody levels decrease with time - need boosters to re expose to antigen and keep levels higher |
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Antisera |
Injection containing antibodies created in another individual- recipient does not have to create own antibodies Short term solution- no memory created Used where risk is Hugh and vaccination status unknown - prevent tetanus in animals at risk - commonly used in horses |
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Summery acquired immunity |
Specific and requires exposure to an antigen - creation of antibodies |
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Summery artificial acquired immunity |
Vaccines |
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Summery vaccines are .., |
Antigens introduced into body to create immune response - antibodies |
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Summery vaccines can be... |
Live, inactivated or genetically engineered- toxoid vaccines |
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Antisera |
Not vaccines |
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Vaccinations |
Exploit natural immune response by stimulating production of antibodies to a controlled pathogen/antigen - artificial active acquired immune response - memory is created, providing a prolonged period of protection against that disease |
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Vaccines are used to ... |
Prevent specific diseases occurring but no not prevent infection. |
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What is a vaccine? |
Antigen (microorganism or parasite) that is introduced to the body to induce an immune response in the form of antibody production that results in immunity to the disease caused by that organism |
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The ideal vaccine |
Promote resistance to disease - not necessarily infection Long lasting resistance - boosters required Safe with minimal side effects Stable (not convert to virulent form) Cheap |
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Live vaccines |
Organism is usually attenuated or modified in some way - pathogen made harmless without killing it - related strain of pathogen used or milder non pathogenic variant Produce mild disease before exposure to virulent disease Replicate within recipient like a normal infection |
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Inactivated vaccine |
Whole killed (chemical inactivation by formaldehyde or heat) or part of an organism (broken up, only certain pieces used = subunit vaccines) Majority of bacterial vaccines are inactivated |
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Genetically engineered vaccine |
Modification of DNA creation of synthetic vaccines Manipulation of genetic make up of pathogen Safer Very specific - vaccine from one part of a pathogen = sub unit vaccine Involve using bacteria to create lots of a vaccine component by recombinant technology FeLV is an example |
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Adjuvants |
Slower release of antigen from injection site - mineral oil acts as antigen trap In order to mimic natural infection or live vaccination Immune stimulants can be included to enhance cell mediated immunity |
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Toxoid vaccines |
Some purified bacterial toxin can be rendered inactive by formalin Antigenic parts of bacterial toxin can be used to stimulate immune response - usually use adjuvant to stimulate better immune response Tetanus toxoid commonly used in horses (licensed for horse, cattle, sheep, pigs and dogs) Not for routine vaccination for any other species other than horses |
