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34 Cards in this Set
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Immunity |
-Ability of an organism to resist disease -can be innate (nonspecific) or adaptive(specific) |
2 kinds |
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Physical/chemical barriers |
-saliva and tears: Contains lysozyme that digest bacterial cell walls -mucous secretion and cilia:trap & expel particulates -stomach-acidity kills many bacteria that enters through the mouth -skin: physical barrier to infection; has defensins (antibacterial enzymes) |
Innate immunity: lysozEYEmes are in your eyes |
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Specialized proteins |
Fight infections |
Innate immunity |
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Cell mediated |
Helps |
Innate immunity |
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Complement proteins |
-Punch holes in bacterial cell walls: 2pathways -alternative pathway doesn't require antibody -classical pathway antibodies bind to pathogen |
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Interferons |
-Are proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion -decreased permeability of cells -nearby cells decrease production of vial and cellular proteins -responsible for flu-like symptoms of viral infections. |
Specialized cells |
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Cell mediated |
-inflammation/ recruitment of cells to the area -phagocytosis/ attack foreign cells -presentation of foreign proteins to develop acquired immunity. |
Innate immunity (when pathogen passes physical barrier) |
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Inflammation {first step} |
-increases swelling, blood flow, pain sensitization, & heat -Tells immune system something is wrong -swelling/ heat creates barrier to keep pathogens out -induced by chemical signals released from damaged tissue cells and immune cells already present in tissues including, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
Cell mediated |
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Phagocytosis {second step} |
Macrophages (white blood cells that scan for bacteria) & breaks it down to smaller polypeptide & displays it. This allows adaptive immune system cells to recognize them I'm lymph or blood |
Cell mediated |
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Macrophages origin |
-From monocyte, turns into macrophage when there's invaders in tissue -release cytokines, chemical substances that stimulate inflammation & recruit additional immune cells. |
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MHC class 1 |
-often called endogenous pathway bcuz it binds antigens from inside the cell -presentation of non-self molecules indicate that cells is infected and triggers & immune response |
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MHC class 2 |
-molecules mainly displayed v by professional antigen- presenting cells -often called exogenous pathway because it binds antigens that originated outside the cell. |
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Natural killer cells |
-virus invaded cells -virus causes down regulation of MHC molecules -harder for T-cells to recognize infection -NK cells detect down regulation -NK cells induce apoptosis |
Last resort |
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Neutrophils |
-Short lived phagocytic leukocytes that target bacteria -these can detect bacteria that have been opsonized |
Granulocyte |
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Opsonized |
Bacteria has been marked with an antibody from a B-cell |
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Eosinophils |
-Release histamine (inflammatory mediator) after activation by allergic reactions or invasive parasitic infections. -contain bright red-orange granules |
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Basophils & mast cells |
-Release large amounts of histamine in response to allergens -mast cells have smaller granules than basophils and exist in the tissues, mucosa, & epithelium |
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Dendritic cells |
-presents antigens--fragments of protein or other molecules from pathogens or cancer cells to adaptive immune cells, including cells to attack bearers of the displayed antigens |
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Adaptive immunity |
Humoral & cell mediated |
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B-cells |
Given the humoral response, mature in bone marrow |
Created in bone marrow |
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T-cells |
Mount the cell-mediated response, mature in the thymus |
Created in bone marrow |
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B-cells |
-produces antibodies -antibodies (IG) : specific to microbe antigens -antibodies can be on a cell surface or secreted into body fluids. |
Humoral immunity |
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Antibodies can act it 3 ways |
-opsonization: once bound to an antigen, antibodies can stay other leukocytes to phagocytize the antigen -Agglutination: antibodies can cause pathogens to clump together to form large insoluble complexes that can be phagocytized -neutralization: antibodies can block a pathogen from invading tissues, essentially neutralizing it |
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Cell surface antibodies |
-Antigen binds to an antibody on the surface of a cell -B-cells activated -proliferation and formation of plasma & memory cells --->For mast cells : antigen binds to antibodies, degranulation occurs (exocytosis of granule contents) |
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Antibody structure |
-Heavy chain-more dense -Light chain - antigen-binding region at end of variable region(light & heavy) -heavy & light chains joined by disukfide linkages and noncovalent interactions |
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Antibody (variable region) |
Variable region has specific polypeptide sequences that bind to only one specific antigen sequence |
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Hypermutation |
Mutates the variable region to find the best match for the antigen -leads to clonal selection |
B-cells |
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Clonal selection |
Only B-/T- cells specific to the pathogen are activated |
B-cells |
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Constant region |
Allows for initiation of complement cascade by binding to immune cells, recognized by alot of cells |
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Antibodies |
5 isotypes -IgD -IgE. (Monomers) -IgG -IgA - (Dimer) -IgM - (pentamer) |
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B-cell and antibody |
Makes only one type |
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Isotype switching |
Cells change which isotype they produce when stimulated by specific cytokines (small signalling protein) |
B-cells |
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Naive B-cells |
-after exposure to correct antigen: primary response (differ in time to response) -B-cells proliferate and produce: ----> plasma cells: produce large amounts of antibodies, eventually die ----> memory B-cells: involved in secondary response |
Before exposure |
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T-cells (maturation) |
-positive selection: maturating only cells that can respond to the presentation of antigen on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) -Negative Selection: causing apoptosis in cells that are self reactive. -maturation facilitated by thymosin -mature but naive t-cells leaves thymus, undergoes clonal selection after exposure to antigen. |
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