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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immune response serves 3 functions
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Surveillace
defense hemostasis |
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Natural immunity
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Exists with out prior contact w/ an antigen
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acquired immunity
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the development of immunity either active or passive
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active aquired immunity
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infection by disease or by IZ's
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passive aquired immunity
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Body recives antibodies rather then making them.
Transfers across placenta. injected with globulins. short lived because host did not make them. |
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immune response serves 3 functions
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Surveillace
defense hemostasis |
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Natural immunity
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Exists with out prior contact w/ an antigen
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acquired immunity
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the development of immunity either active or passive
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active aquired immunity
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infection by disease or by IZ's
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passive aquired immunity
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Body recives antibodies rather then making them.
Transfers across placenta. injected with globulins. short lived because host did not make them. |
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Granulcytes
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netrophils
eosinophils basophils |
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lymphocytes
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b and t cells
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monocytes
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macrophages
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B cells
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mature in bone marrow
differntiate into plasma cells when activated by an antigen. each plasma cell produces and secretes ab into blood. this is called humoral immunity |
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tcells
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mature in tymus
account for 70-80% of lympohoctyes. responsible for cell mediated immunity. provide immunity against interacellular viruses, tumors, and fungi. categorized into t helper, t suppresor, and t killer. |
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changes with the immune system with aging
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atrophy of thymus
decline of t cell responsiveness decrease cell metated immunity decrease delayed hypersensativity responce |
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leukocytosis wbc >10k
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infx
inflammation tissue necrosis leukemia |
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leukopenia <5 k
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bone marrow failure
decrease bone marrow autoimmune disorder |
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Diff count
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neutrophils 25,00-8000
lymph 1000-4000 mono 100-700 eosino 50-500 basophils 25-100 |
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neutrophilia
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inflammation
bacterial infx malignancy obesity glucocorticoid use smoking stress p surg |
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neutropenia
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decrease bone marrow
prolonged infx nsaids apap chemo |
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hypersensitivity rxn's
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immune response over reactive to foreign antigen
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type 1
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anaphylatic
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type 2
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cytotoxic
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type 3
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immune complex rxn
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type 4
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delayed hypersensativity rxn
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anaphylatic rxn
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specific allergies
produces igg antibodies which cause allergic responce |
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systemic rxn
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proggressive
edema, hives, bronchial edema, resp distress, shock, death. |
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mild type 1 rxn
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rash, hives, itching, rhinitis, conjunctivits
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nursing interventions for mild syptoms
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calm pt, identify allergen, scrape stinger off, or calamine lotion, monitor, admin antihistamines
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moderate to sever type 1 rxn
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swelling, sob, wheezing, fever, apprehension, anxiety, n/v, dizzy, cp, shock, unconsciouness.
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anaphylaxis
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emergency, systemic, ige releases histamine, minutes of exposure, airway obstruction
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allergins that cause anaphlatic shock
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pcn, insulin,
tcn chemo drugs, nsaids sulfa asa eggs, nuts, latex, peanuts, iodine, blood products, venom etc.. |
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management
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airway, scrape of stinger, 911, acute care, epi q 20 min prn, 02, lay down elevate legs, keep warm, benadryl, bp, fluids, vs, loc cardiac rhythm.
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hypersensativity medical managment
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cbc/diff ige serum, skin test, decongestants, antihist, allergy shots.
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pt teaching
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avoid allergens, med alert bracelet, epi pin, use of meds, prep house.
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lupus
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chronic inflammatory. multisystem microvascular inflammation. affects skin, joints, vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, cns.
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systemic lupus sle
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decreased ablity do differntiate between foreign and self. immune system over reacts/ reacts to self.
trigger; inflammation injury to tissue pain |
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3 types of lupus
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discoid; skin only
sle; most serious drug induced; p use of hydralizine or procanimide |
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sle
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effects; brain, lungs, pelura, pericardium, heart, kidneys.
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lupus
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etiology unk. 10-15 times women, r/t hormones. afro americans, asians, native americans.
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lupus sx
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arthralgia, anemia, rash, fatigue, seizures, alopecia
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dx
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most have 4 or more sx to dx plus positive ana titer.
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triigers of flare ups
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sun, uris, meds, menses, pg, post partum, stress.
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tx
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no cure. prevent and tx flares.
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lupus meds
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nsaids, antimalarial, corticosteriods, immunosurpressive agents, cyclosphsmide, metho, azathioprine.
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multiple myeloma
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plasma cell myeloma. neoplastic plasma cells infiltrate bone marrow and destroy. unk etiology/ genetic. chemical exposure. effects kidneys
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tx
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chemo, bone marrow transplant, cortico, thalidomide, local rad, zometa- inhibits bone reapsorption
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nursing care
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educate, saftey, 3-4 L h2o q day, pain, support.
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diff count
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# and type of wbcs in blood
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anaphaltic shock
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histamine released
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palp lymph nodes
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neck, axilla, and inguinal areas
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glucocorticoids
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The administration of high doses of glucocorticoids is associated with increased susceptibility to infection and delayed wound healing
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IgE
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: IgE is the class of immunoglobulin which leads to the development of allergy of the hypersensitivity type (
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anaphylaxis tx
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Common emergency treatment of anaphylaxis is oxygen, sub-q epinephrine, IV aminophylline and IV benadryl
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blood transfusion stop if;
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Signs of a transfusion reaction include headache, back or flank pain, hematuria, sharp chest pain, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension, and urticaria. Transfusions of as little as 100 mL of incompatible blood can result in permanent renal damage, shock, and death. Therefore, the initial reaction to any symptom which could be a transfusion reaction is to stop the blood, complete assessment of the patient's condition, then immediately call the physician .
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immune system
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* Made up of various organs and cells which act together to protect the body from invading organisms.
* Bone Marrow - where WBCs are made * Thymus - incubator for T-cells * Spleen - major central storage depot for WBCs * Lymph nodes - local storage for WBCs |
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ab mediated immunity
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* IgG - Most abundant immunoglobulin
o Can cross the placenta and is responsible for immunity in the newborn * IgA -present in body secretions o Defends mucus membranes of the GI and Respiratory Tracts o Helps to protect against respiratory infections * IgM -Second in abundance o First to appear in fetal life o Important in a primary infection * IgE - Responsible for some allergic responses o Binds to Basophils and mast cells o Responsible for Immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity * IgD - Possible a regulatory antibody |
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nursing intervention multiple myloma
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* Increase fluid intake to help get rid of excess serum calcium and Bence Jones proteins
* Analgesics for pain * Watch for s/s of renal failure * IV N/S at high rate along with Lasix can help increase renal secretion of calcium * Encourage ambulation to slow down bone resorption of calcium * Watch for S/S of spinal cord compression * Treat anemia * Watch for infection |
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Basophils and Tissue Mast Cells
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* Responsible for Inflammatory and Anaphalatic Responses
* Secrete the following Substances o Heparin o Histamine o Serotonin o Kinins o Leukotrienes o Prostoglandins * Are activated by binding with IgE |
