Immune System

Front 1

Virus enters cell and either __1__ cell or __2__

Back 1

1. take over cell
2. lie dormant until some event makes them virulent

Front 2

How a virus takes over a cell

Back 2

takes over cell's DNA, forcing it to replicate virus until the cell bursts

Front 3

if a cell containing a dormant virus divides:

Back 3

more cells containing the virus are produced
herpes
no cure
medication helps by killing the cells

Front 4

when pathogens invade tissues:
1. rapid response
2. delayed response

Back 4

1. nonspecific (innate) immune response
2. specific (adaptive) immune response (requires several days)

Front 5

two types of specific immune response

Back 5

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

Front 6

4 types of nonspecific responses

Back 6

1. physical barriers
2. soluble molecules
3. phagocytosis
4. inflammation

Front 7

physical barriers

Back 7

skin, mucus, lining of digestive,respiratory, and urinary tracts

Front 8

two types of soluble molecules

Back 8

cytokines (interleukin, interferons, tumor necrosis factors) and complement

Front 9

nonspecific immune responses provide __1__ & __2__ protection against __3__, __4__, and __5__

Back 9

1. general
2. immediate
3. pathogens
4. some toxins and drugs
5. cancer cells

Front 10

anatomic physical/chemical barriers:
1. __
skin and sebum are __2__
__3__ in tears from eyes

Back 10

1. skin
2. antibacterial
3. lysozymes

Front 11

more physical/chemical barriers:
__1__ hair, __2__, and __3__ of respiratory system
stomach __4__ and __5__ enzymes
__6__ in vagina and urethra

Back 11

1. nose
2. mucus
3. cilia
4. acid
5. digestive
6. acid

Front 12

penetration of physical barriers/tissue damage can lead to __1__ which is a __2__ reaction characterized by local __3__, increased capillary __4__, and __5__ helping to combat invaders (__6__)

Back 12

1. inflammation
2. histamine
3. vasodilation
4. permeability
5. leukocytes
6. diapedesis

Front 13

diapedesis

Back 13

movement of leukocytes across the lining of blood vessels to interstitial fluid

Front 14

damaged cells release __1__ which cause __2__ and draw __3__ toward the area in a process called __4__

Back 14

1. kinins
2. pain
3. leukocytes
4. chemotaxis

Front 15

__1__ destroy bacteria
three types: 2

Back 15

1. phagocytes
2. macrophages, neutrophils, eosiniphils

Front 16

1. cells which destroy cells infected with virus and foreign/altered cells such as __2__

Back 16

1. natural killer cells (NK cells)
2. tumors

Front 17

three types of soluble molecules

Back 17

antimicrobial peptides
regulatory peptides
proteins that destroy pathogens

Front 18

signaling proteins that regulate interactions between cells

Back 18

cytokines

Front 19

4 types of cytokines

Back 19

interferons
interleukins
chemokines
tumor necrosis factors

Front 20

interferons:
produced by __1__
inhibit viral __2__ but don't __3__ virus
__4__ cells don't make much interferon, but some __5__ do
activate __6__

Back 20

1. macrophages
2. replication
3. kill
4. human
5. bacteria
6. natural killer cells

Front 21

interleukins:
help regulate interactions between __1__ and __2__
some have __3__ effects

Back 21

1. lymphocytes
2. other body cells
3. widespread

Front 22

chemokines:
__1__, __2__, and __3__ of certain cells of immune system

Back 22

1. attract
2. activate
3. direct movement

Front 23

tumor necrosis factors (TNFs):
kill __1__ cells and stimulate __2__ cells to initiate __3__ response

Back 23

1. tumor
2. immune
3. inflammatory

Front 24

complement proteins enhance __1__ response:
__2__ cell wall of __3__.
coat __3__ enhancing __4__.
attract __5__ to site of infection

Back 24

1. inflammatory
2. lyse
3. pathogens
4. phagocytosis
5. white blood cells

Front 25

inflammatory response:
triggered when __1__ invade __2__
vasodilation - __3__ blood vessel diameter

Back 25

1. pathogens
2. tissues
3. increased

Front 26

inflammatory response:
increased capillary permeability:
allows __1__ and __2__ to leave __3__ and enter __4__
increased __5__ of infected area
causes _6_
increased __7__

Back 26

1. plasma
2. antibodies
3. circulation
4. tissues
5. temperature
6. redness
7. phagocytosis

Front 27

inflammatory __1__ in __2__ activated:
__3__ cells release __4__ and other compounds that cause __5__ and increased capillary __6__

Back 27

1. mediators
2. plasma
3. mast
4. histamine
5. vasodilation
6. permeability

Front 28

specific immune responses include immunological __1__

Back 28

1. memory

Front 29

an antigen is:
a molecule specifically recognized as __1__ or __2__ by cells of immune system
most foreign substances that penetrate __3__ (examples)

Back 29

1. foreign
2. dangerous
3. epithelium
(bacteria, viruses, toxins)

Front 30

highly specific proteins __1__ and __2__ specific antigens are __3__

Back 30

1. recognize
2. bind to
3. antibodies

Front 31

each antigen causes body to produce specific __1__ to __2__ antigen

Back 31

1. antibodies
2. immobilize

Front 32

antibodies are produced by __1__ that are stored in __2__ tissues and __3__ around the body

Back 32

1. lymphocytes
2. lymph
3. nodes

Front 33

cell-mediated immunity:
1. three types of lymphocytes
all produced in __2__ shortly before & after birth, then travel through blood to __3__ where they wait for various __4__

Back 33

1. T-cells, B-cells, natural killer cells (nonspecific)
2. bone marrow
3. lymph nodes
4. antigens

Front 34

both __1__ cells become __2__ before meeting antigens

Back 34

1. B & T
2. immunocompetent

Front 35

__1__, not antigens, determine the foreign substances our immune system will be able to __2__ and __3__, which is part of __4__

Back 35

1. genes
2. recognize
3. resist
4. natural selection

Front 36

__1__ cells in lymph nodes are specific for many different __2__

Back 36

1. B & T
2. antigens

Front 37

cell mediated immunity:
specific __1__ cells are activated, which __2__ and go after specific __3__.
__4__ released that destroy cells infected with __5__ or other __6__ pathogens.

Back 37

1. T
2. divide
3. antigens
4. proteins
5. viruses
6. intracellular

Front 38

cell-mediated immunity:
original cells will stay in __1__ and recognize same antigen in future becoming __2__ cells

Back 38

1. lymph nodes
2. memory

Front 39

T cells are distinguished by T cell __1__. responsible for __2__ mediated immunity.

Back 39

1. receptors
2. cell

Front 40

three types of T cells

Back 40

T cytotoxic cells (Tc cells)
T helper cells (Th cells)
Memory T cells

Front 41

antibody-mediated (__1__) immunity:
__2__ cells activated in __3__ in wall of __4__

Back 41

1. humoral
2. B
3. Peyer's patches
4. small intestine

Front 42

B cells were first defined and distinguished from __1__ cells in __2__ (in the __3__ organ).
later discovered that B cells becomes __4__ in human __5__ then migrate to __6__

Back 42

1. T
2. birds
3. bursa of Fabricius
4. immunocompetent
5. bone marrow
6. lymph organs

Front 43

antibody-mediated immunity:
Specific __1__ cells are activated which __2__ and __3__ into plasma cells producing antibodies called __4__

Back 43

1. B
2. multiply
3. differentiate
4. Immunoglobulins (IgG)

Front 44

Some activated __1__ cells become __2__ cells which continue to produce __3__ after an infection has been overcome

Back 44

1. B
2. memory B
3. antibodies

Front 45

two types of immune system cells:
__1__ develop from __2__ cells in __3__
(T cells become immunocompetent in __4__
B cells become immunocompetent in __5__)
and __6__

Back 45

1. lymphocytes
2. stem
3. bone marrow
4. thyroid
5. bone marrow
6. antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Front 46

antigen-presenting cells display __1__ as well as their own surface __2__
(3 examples)

Back 46

1. foreign antigens
2. proteins
3. dendritic cells, macrophages, activated B cells

Front 47

dendritic cells are located in __1__ tissue and are specialized to __2__, __3__, and __4__ antigens

Back 47

1. connective
2. process
3. transport
4. present

Front 48

Immune responses depend on a group of genes that encode __1__ proteins, which are mostly unique to each person

Back 48

1. Major histocompatbility complex (MHC)

Front 49

Class I MHC genes:
encode __1__
__2__ expressed on surface of most nucleated cells
binds to foreign antigens which is recognized by __3__ cells.

Back 49

1. self antigens
2. glycoproteins
3. cytotoxic T

Front 50

Class II MHC genes encode __1__ expressed on APCs of immune system.
Class II MHC genes encode components of __2__ system and __3__

Back 50

1. glycoproteins
2. complement
3. TNFs

Front 51

two types of immunity

Back 51

active and passive

Front 52

cell-mediated immunity process:
specific __1__ cells are activated by a __2__ complex on surface of __3__ cell.
A __4__ signal and __5__ are also required.
activated __6__ cells multiply, giving rise to a __7__

Back 52

1. T
2. foreign antigen-MHC complex
3. infected
4. co-stimulatory
5. interleukins
6. Tc
7. clone

Front 53

cell-mediated immunity process:
__1__ cells migrate to site of infection
__2__ cells are destroyed
activated __3__ cells give rise to __4__ cells which secrete __5__
__6__ and __7__ activated

Back 53

1. Clone
2. pathogen-infected
3. Th
4. clone
5. cytokines
6. B cells
7. macrophages

Front 54

active immunity:
develops after exposure to __1__
may occur naturally after ___2__
may be artificially induced by ___3___

Back 54

1. antigens
2. recovery from a disease
3. immunization with a vaccine

Front 55

antibody-mediated response:
B cells are activated when they combine with __1__
2 activation requirements

Back 55

1. antigen
2. APC (dendritic cell or macrophage) with foreign antigen-MHC complex displayed on its surface
APC secretes interleukins which activate Th cells

Front 56

activated B cells multiply, giving rise to __1__ which differentiate forming __2__ cells which produce specific antibodies, __3__ in response to specific antigens that activated them

Back 56

1. clones
2. plasma
3. immunoglobulins (Ig)

Front 57

antibodies (aka __1__) cause __2__ to clump together so that __2__ can be more readily attacked by __3__ and __4__

Back 57

1. immunoglobulins
2. antigens
3. neutrophils
4. monocytes

Front 58

Steps to natural active immunity:
exposed to __1__
go through __2__
immune to subsequent exposures because of __3__
(examples)

Back 58

1. disease
2. primary response
3. secondary response
mumps, some measles, chicken pox, flu (special cases)

Front 59

neutrophils & monocytes cover __1__ of antigens and __2__, causing the __3__ to rupture

Back 59

1. active site
2. neutralize
3. membranes

Front 60

Artificial active immunity:
artificially induced by __1__
used in the case of __2__ that kill or maim before __3__ is elicited

Back 60

1. immunization with vaccine
2. antigens
3. primary response

Front 61

most vaccines consist of entire __1__ or of a __2__ made from __1__

Back 61

1. pathogen
2. protein

Front 62

antibody structure is __1__ shaped; the __2__ combine with the antigen

Back 62

1. Y
2. two arms

Front 63

structure of antibody molecule

Back 63

four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two shorter light chains
two chain regions: constant (C) and variable (V)

Front 64

antibody-mediated immunity process:
antibody combines with specific __1__ to form __2__.
may __3__ pathogen
stimulate __4__
activate __5__ system

Back 64

1. antigen
2. antibody-antigen complex
3. inactivate
4. phagocytosis
5. complement

Front 65

types of vaccines:
1 (example)
2 (example)
3 (example)
4 (example)

Back 65

1. similar pathogen (Jenner 1776 - cowpox/smallpox)
2. weakened strain that doesn't cause disease (polio, small pox, measles, rabies)
3. killed pathogen that still stimulates immune response (typhoid, whooping cough)
4. toxoids made from toxins secreted by pathogens; toxin altered so it can no longer damage tissues, but antigenic determinants still intact (tetanus, botulism)

Front 66

Recombination of DNA segments:
main factor responsible for __1__.
occurs during __2__.
millions of different types of __3__ are produced

Back 66

1. antibody diversity
2. B&T differentiation
3. B&T cells

Front 67

primary immune response:
stimulated by __1__
__2__ is primary antibody produced

Back 67

1. first exposure to antigen
2. IgM

Front 68

75% of human antibodies are __1__.
__1__ and __2__ interact with macrophages; activate __3__ system.
__4__ present in mucus, tears, saliva, milk; prevent pathogen from attaching to __5__
__6__ and __7__ are important to B cell fxn
__8__ is important to immunity to parasitic worms and release of histamines

Back 68

1. IgG
2. IgM
3. complement
4. IgA
5. epithelium
6. IgD
7. IgM
8. IgE

Front 69

secondary immune response:
stimulated by __1__
2. how compares to primary response

Back 69

1. second exposure to same antigen
2. more rapid and intense than primary response

Front 70

a new vaccine under development is a __1__ vaccine which is made from the pathogen's __2__ and causes both __3__ and __4__ immune responses

Back 70

1. DNA/RNA
2. genetic material
3. cell-mediated
4. antibody-mediated

Front 71

__1__ antibodies are highly specific.
developed in the __2__.
produced by injecting mice with __3__ and then harvesting __4__ which are infused with a culture of __5__ interest cells allowing resulting __6__ to live indefinitely.
__7__ and __8__ and have a myriad of uses in medicine/therapies.

Back 71

1. monoclonal
2. 1970s
3. antigen
4. B cells
5. cancerous
6. hybridomas
7. pure
8. specific

Front 72

primary/secondary response system is the basis for __1__

Back 72

1. vaccination

Front 73

passive immunity is a __1__ condition that develops when an individual receives __2__ produced by another __3__ (example)

Back 73

1. temporary
2. antibodies
3. organism
(maternal antibodies are passed to the infant through placenta and breastmilk, providing immunity for 6-12 months, until child's system has matured)

Front 74

immunological memory: __1__ cells remain in body after infection.
responsible for __2__

Back 74

1. memory B and memory T
2. long-term immunity

Front 75

example of artificially induced passive immunity: antibodies against a virulent __1__ from another organism is injected to temporarily boost body's defenses (example/problems)

Back 75

1. poison
(snake venom injected into animal which produced antibodies, serum with antibodies injected into patient whose immune system eventually recognizes foreign antibodies and make antibodies against them...problems: allergy to initial serum, rabies)

Front 76

3 hypersensitivity reactions

Back 76

1. allergic reactions
2. autoimmune diseases
3. Rh incompatibility

Front 77

allergic reaction: allergen stimulates production of __1__ which combines with __2__ on __3__ cells which release __4__ and other molecules causing __5__ and other symptoms (examples)
often treated with __6__ which block __7__

Back 77

1. IgE
2. receptors
3. mast
4. histamine
5. inflammation
(hay fever, asthma, poison ivy)
6. antihistamines
7. histamine

Front 78

another type of allergic reaction is __1__, which is a rapid, widespread allergic reaction that can lead to __2__

Back 78

1. systemic anaphylaxis
2. death

Front 79

autoimmune diseases: body attacks __1__
hypersensitivities to __2__.
(examples)
seem to have a __3__ link and perhaps are triggered by __4__ or __5__ infection

Back 79

1. its own tissues
2. antigens of self
(rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, form of lupus, insulin-dependent diabetes, psoriasis, etc)
3. genetic
4. bacterial
5. viral

Front 80

Rh incompatibility occurs when __1__ woman gives birth to __2__ baby.
__3__ antibodies develop.
__4__ occurs in future pregnancies.

Back 80

1. Rh-negative
2. Rh-positive
3. Anti-D
4. Rh incompatibility

Front 81

Graft rejection:
transplanted tissues have __1__ antigens.
__2__ stimulated
T cells __3__ the transplant.

Back 81

1. MHC
2. immune response
3. destroy

Front 82

response to cancer cells:
nk cells, macrophages, and T cells recognize antigens on cancer cells and launch immune response system against them, but cancer cells __1__ immune system by blocking __2__ directly or by decreasing their __3__

Back 82

1. evade
2. Tc
3. class I MHC molecules

Front 83

HIV stands for __1__ which is a __2__. causes __3__. destroys __4__ cells. severely impairs __5__.

Back 83

1. Human immunodeficiency virus
2. retrovirus
3. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
4. Th
5. immunity

Front 84

exposure to HIV might or might not result in __1__ which eventually results in __2__ (amount of time variable) which ends in death either by __3__ and __4__ or __5__. progression of symptoms includes __6__.

Back 84

1. infection
2. AIDS
3. depressed immune function
4. opportunistic infections
5. AIDS dementia complex
6. swollen lymph glands, night sweats, fever, weight loss

Front 85

how do specific immune responses differ from nonspecific immune responses?

Back 85

specific is a more delayed response, targets specific antigens, and is cell-mediated or antibody-mediated. nonspecific is more rapid and generalized.

Front 86

what does complement do?

Back 86

nonspecific destruction of pathogens: lyse viruses/bacteria, coat pathogens to make phagocytosis by other cells easier, attract white blood cells to site of infection, bind to specific receptors on cells of immune system and stimulate specific actions

Front 87

what are the main groups and functions of cytokines?

Back 87

interferons - inhibit viral replication and activate NKCs, enhance the activities of other immune cells
interleukins - regulate interactions between lymphocytes and other body cells
chemokines - signaling molecules that attract, activate, and direct the movement of various cells of the immune system
tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) - stimulate immune cells to initiate inflammatory response and kills tumor cells

Front 88

what are the 3 types of processes involved in the inflammatory response?

Back 88

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and increased phagocytosis

Front 89

what are the 2 types of specific immunity and the major players in each?

Back 89

cell-mediated: T cells
antibody-mediated: B cells

Front 90

are there benefits of breast feeding and if so, what type of immunity does the baby receive?

Back 90

yes, gives the baby passive immunity until its own immune system has matured

Front 91

what are the differences between primary and secondary immune responses?

Back 91

primary response is slower because the antigen must be recognized and appropriate B cells produced. it leaves behind memory B cells that can immediately produce the appropriate antibodies if the antigen is encountered again. this means the secondary response is much more rapid and effective