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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PATHOGENS
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____________ ARE MICROBES THAT CAUSE
DISEASE |
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WORLD WIDE DISEASES ARE CALLED
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PANDEMIC
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DISEASES LIMITED TO A CERTAIN AREA GEOGRAPHICALLY ARE CALLED _______
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EPIDEMICS
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WHAT ARE THE FOUR CAUSES OF DISEASE?
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BACTERIA
VIRUS FUNGUS PROTOZOAN |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
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NOT CELLULAR (HAVE TO REPRODUCE INSIDE LIVING HOST)
- GENOME IS EITHER DNA OR RNA -Composed of outer capsid made of protein and an inner core made of nucleic acid. CAUSE DISEASE LIKE FLU AND INFLUENZAS |
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VIRUSES ARE __________ ON LIVING CELLS
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PARASITES
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WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA?
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--SINGLE CELLED ORGANISMS, prokarytic
--LACK NUCLEAR MEMBRANES --GRAM POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE --CAUSE DISEASES, STREP, SYPHILIS, TONSILITIS,FOOD POISONING, TB, ETC. |
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WHAT IS INFLUENZA
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A VIRUS WHICH IS EPIDEMIC - AFFECTS LARGE POPULATION
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WHAT ARE ADHESION FACTORS?
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---viruses have spikes that bind to host cell surfaces.
--Covered in a shell studded with two types of proteins. --Combination of proteins determines the strain. |
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WHAT IS ANTIGENIC DRIFT
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occurs when mutations of the nucleic acid of the spike protein bring about small changes in the antigens
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WHAT IS ANTIGENIC SHIFT?
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occurs when two different influenza viruses attack the same cell.
MOST PROBLEMATIC |
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what is mutation process of antigenic shift:
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Two characteristics of all type A influenza viruses, including avian influenza, are that they have the ability 1. Mutate
2. Swap genetic materials to merge. This merging or antigenic "shift" can ultimately result in highly lethal human pandemics. |
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__________ ARE INFECTIOUS PROTEINS SUCH AS BSE (MAD COW) CAUSING WASTING DISEASE AND AFFECTS NERVOUS SYSTEM -- ARE IN HEALTH BRAIN CELLS, BUT CHANGE SHAPE AND BECOME "ROGUE" (BAD)
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PRIONS
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WHAT IS AN ANTIGEN?
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SUBSTANCE, USUALLY PROTEIN THAT STIMULATES IMMUNE SYSTEM TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES , recognized as NON-SELF IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL PRODUCE ANTIBODY TO RESPOND)
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_________ ARE PROTEINS PRODUCED IN THE B CELLS THAT REACTS TO THE NONSELF ANTIGEN
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ANTIBODIES
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WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF AN ANTIBODY
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A globular protein produced by lymphocytes. Antibodies are involved in the immune response by specifically recognizing and binding to antigens
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DEFINE MARKERS OF SELF
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BODY CELLS CARRY MOLECULES THAT DISTINGUISH IT AS "SELF". IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SELF MOLECULES AND NON-SELF. WILL ATTACK NON SELF.
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WHERE ARE ANTIBODIES LOCATED?
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THROUGHOUT THE BODY
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____ LYMPHOCYTES MAKE ANTIBODIES
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B LYMPHOCYTES AKA B CELLS
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WHERE DO B LYMPHOCYTES MATURE
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THYMUS GLAND
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WHAT DO B CELLS PRODUCE
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PLASMA / ANTIBODIES
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WHAT DO ANTIBODIES DO?
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NEUTRALIZING A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN.
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WHAT ARE T CELLS
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T LYMPHOCYTES
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WHAT ARE LYMPHOCYTE?
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SPECIALIZED WHITE BLOOD CELLS
OCCURS IN TWO FORMS - T CELLS AND B CELLS |
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WHAT IS MECHANISM?
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PROTEIN MOLECULE PRODUCE IN RESPONSE
TO ANTIGEN THEY BIND WITH ANTIGEN IN A LOCK & KEY MECHANISM |
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WHAT ARE IMMUNOGLOBULINS?
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LARGE PROTEIN MOLECULES THAT ARE ANTIBODIES - THEY GUARD ENTRANCES TO BODY -
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WHAT ARE THE IMMUNOGLOBULTIN ANTIBODIES AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION
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IgG - enhances phagocytosis
IgM - activates complement proteins IgA - prevents attachment of pathogens IgD - antigen receptors on virgin B cells. IgE - immediate allergic response |
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What are the Organs of the Immune System?
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Tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, appendix, lymphetic vessels, bone marrow, peyer's patches
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________ are organisms that carry disease such as insects, arachnids,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals |
vectors
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________ are diseases that humans get from animals, such as ringworm, west nile and viral encephalitis
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ZOONOSIS
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___________ IS A BACTERIA SPREAD FROM DEER TICKS AND HAS ARTHRITIC SYMPTOMS
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LYME DISEASE
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WHAT DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM DO?
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MARKERS OF SELF - DISTINGUISH BETWEEN SELF CELLS AND NONSELF CELLS AND ANTIGENS PRODUCE ANTIBODIES TO FIGHT NONSELF CELLS - CELLS RELEASE INTERFERON TO PROTECT OTHER CELLS IN AREA
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________ VESSELS ARE SIMILAR TO BLOOD VESSELS
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LYMPHATIC
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WHAT ARE PHAGOCYTES AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS (PUSS-LIKE) THAT ENGULF FORIEGN PATHOGENS
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WHAT ARE LEUKOCYTES AND HOW MANY ARE THERE IN HUMAN BODY?
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4000 - 11,000 OF 5 TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN HUMAN BODY
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WHAT ARE THE 5 TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES AND WHAT ARE THERE FUNCTIONS
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NEUTROPHIL - PRIMARILY EAT BACTERIA
LYMPHOCYTE - B TYPE & T TYPE MONOCYTE BECOMES MACROPHAGE - EATS BACTERIA & VIRUSES EOSINOPHILS - PHAGOCYTIZES & DESTROYS ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES BASOPHILS - RELEASE HISTAMINE- PROMOTES BLOOD FLOW |
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WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF T CELLS AND WHAT ARE THERE FUNCTIONS?
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HELPER T CELL - CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
(CMI) - ORCHESTRATES IMMUNE RESPONSE CYTOTOXIC T CELLS - ATTACK DESTROY ABNORMAL CELLS MEMORY T CELLS - REACTIVATES UPON LATER EXPOSURE TO DISEASE OF SAME ANTIGEN SUPPRESSOR T CELLS - SUPRESS IMMUNE after antigen's been destroyed |
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WHAT ARE THE B CELLS AND WHAT ARE THERE FUNCTIONS?
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PLASMA B CELLS - SECRETE ANTIBODIES
MEMORY B CELLS - RETAIN MEMORY AND BECOME PLASMA CELLS UPON SUBSEQUENT EXPOSURE IMMUNOGLOBINS - HAS ANTIGEN BINDING SITES WITH UNIQUE SHAPE THAT FITS INTO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. |
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______ are proteinaceous infectious particles - in cows Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow) in humans - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - vCJD
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prions
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HOW IS INFLUENA TRANSMITTED?
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BY DROPLET (AEROSOL) INFECTION COUGHING, HEADACHE FEVER, NAUSEA VOMITING - 20,000-30,000 A YEAR
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WHAT IS SARS?
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SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROM
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What makes up blood and the percentages?
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plasma proteins 7%
water 92% other solutions 1% |
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WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS METHODS OF DETECTING CANCER?
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bone scan
CAT scan MRI |
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WHAT ARE THE TREATMENTS FOR CANCER?
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SURGERY
CHEMO RADIATION ANTIMETASTATIC DRUGS BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTS VACCINES ANGIOSTATIN & ENDOSTATIN |
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WHAT TYPES OF DISEASES DO VIRUSES CAUSE
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COMMON COLD
CHICKENPOX, SHINGLES WARTS POLIO AIDS COLD SORES, GENITAL HERPES MUMPS YELLOW FEVER HEPATITIS A & B |
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WHAT TYPES OF DISEASE DO BACTERIA CAUSE?
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CHOLERA
DIPTHERIA GONORRHEA LEPROSY PLAGUE STREP THROAT, SCRLET FEVER, IMETIGO SYPHILLIS TETANUS TB WALKING PNEUMONIA |
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WHAT TYPES OF DISEASES DO FUNGUS CAUSE
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ATHLETE'S FOOT
BLASTOMYCOSIS HISTOPLASMOSIS THRUSH VAGINAL YEAST INFECTION |
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WHAT DISEASES DO PROTOZOAN CAUSE?
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AMEBIC DYSENTERY
MALARIA CHAGAS DISEASE LEISHMANIA TOXOPLASMOSIS GIARDIASIS |
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WHICH B CELL PRODUCES ANTIBODIES
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THE PLASMA CELL
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WHAT IS APC?
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ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL ENGULFS A
PATHOGEN AND BREAKS IT DOWN INTO FRAGMENTS. FRAGMENTS ARE LINKED TO MHC. |
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WHAT IS MHC?
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Major Histocompatibility Complex -
aka HLA - human leukocyte-associted) antigens - presented to helper T cell- t cell stimulates cytotoxic t cells to destroy pathogen and infected cells |
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HOW IS MONO TRANSMITTED
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IT IS A VIRUS (EPSTEIN-BARR) TRANSMITTED THROUGH SALIVA
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WHAT DOES IMMUNITY INCLUDE?
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NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
BARRIERS TO ENTRY INFLAMMATORY REACTION NATURAL KILLER CELLS PROTECTIVE PROTEINS FEVER SPECIFIC DEFENSES RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS LYMPHOCYTES B CELLS & T CELLS |
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Monohybrid Inheritance refers to
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inheriting of a single characteristic controlled by different alleles of a single gene
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