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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is innate immunity?
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-natural immunity
-non-specific (d/n distinguish b/n invaders) -non-adaptive (d/n remember invader for future reference) -reacts in predictable manner -1st line of defense: skin; 2nd: non-specific inflammatory response |
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What is adaptive immunity?
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-specific immunity
-recognizes & destroys foreign subtances -has a memory (for previously encountered invarders) - could be either Active-acquired or Passive-acquired immunity |
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what is the difference b/n active-acquired immunity vs. passive-acquired immunity?
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- active acquired refers to protection acquired by exposure to the antigen.
- passive acquired is when antibodies produced by one person are transferred to another person; i.e. from mother to fetus. (only temporary until antibodies are degraded) |
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what is an antigen?
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any foreign substance (d/n have characteristic cell surface markers); elicits an immune response.
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what are antibodies?
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protein molecules produced in response to an antigen; only interacts with the specific antigen- like a key fits a lock.
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who are key players in the immue response?
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-exterior defenses
-phagocytes:pac-man -leukocytes: WBCs -lymphocytes -immunoglobulins: release histamine -cell-mediated T-cells: search & destroy -interferons: inflamm mediators -interleukins: chemical messengers -natural killer cells: virus/tumor cells - complement system |
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impact of age on immune system?
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more vulnerable to disease, infections, cancer and autoimmune problems.
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how can u improve immune function?
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nutrition, exercise (moderate), lifestyle, rest.
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T/F: Long duration exercise can improve immune system function by a two-fold.
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FALSE :)
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Infection control strategies?
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hand washing, standard precuations (sterile techniques), mask for respiratory disease, sterilize equipment, maintain skin integrity
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Pathogenesis of HIV & AIDS
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HIV infects T-Cells & Macropahges --> virus replicates in lymph nodes --> viral erosion of CD4+ cells --> CD4+ numbers decline & pt develops AIDS.
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what is the goal of HIV tx?
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to increase CD4+ cell ocunt & decrease viral load (antiviral drugs)
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Exercise for an HIV pt
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-early stage: encouraged to exercise regualrly (aerobic & resistance)
-advanced stage: lower intensities & individualized prescriptions (functional capacity is reduced) -ALWAYS monitor VITAL SIGNS - Know all their medications & side-effects |
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what is chronic fatigue syndrome?
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unexplained fatigue of at least 6 months duration
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what are clinical manifestations of someone with CFS?
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muscle pain & forgetfulness; overwhelming fatigue exacerbated by minimal physical activity; neurally mediated hypotension (low BP & HR);cyclical course that alternates b/n periods of illness & relative well being.
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what is the tx for CFS?
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-NO CURE
- symptom relief & lifestyle changes (reduce stress & prevent overexertion & nutrition) |
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PT for a pt with CFS
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-carefully controlled moderate exercise
-begin with low-level intermittent activity throughout the day & accumulate 30 mins -progress slowly & avoid overexertion -monitor Vital Signs |
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What is type I Hypersensitivity?
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immediate hypersensitivity, allergic disorders. i.e. allergic rhinitis, asthma, latex allergies, anaphylactic shock
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What is type II Hypersensitivity?
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cytotoxic reactions to self-antigens; body attacks its own tissues. i.e. myasthenia gravis & rheumatic fever
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What is type III Hypersensitivity?
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excessive antigen-antibody complex circulating cause acute inflammation. i.e. lupus & hepatitis B
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What is type IV Hypersensitivity?
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delayed response after sensitization to an allergen. i.e. poison ivy, you start itching later
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Precautions for hypersensitive pt
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know their allergies, remove subtance from clinic, make sure they have their inhaler or nitroglycerin or dont exercise!
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Pt for pt with Fibromyalgia
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-1st decraese pain, fatigue & sleep disturbance
- vital signs: low BP & elevated pulse even at rest -chronic pain program - at 1st short sessions (3-5min) & slowly progress to 30 mins -pulsed US with IFC shown effective - gentle soft tissue, cariovascular, flexibility, resistance exercise & aquatic therapy |
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What is communicability?
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the time it takes for bacteria to spread. (always wash hands before & after every pt)
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What is a pathogen?
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any microorganism that can cause disease. i.e. virus, bacteria, mycoplasmas
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Chain of transmission of infectious disease
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pathogen lives in reservoir --> exits by secretions & fluids (blood, tears, semen, respiratory secretions, ect) -->transmitted to a susceptible host (contact, airborne, droplet, using a vehicle or vector borne) --> enters host by ingestion, inhalation or insect bites
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What are the body's 3 lines of defense?
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1st: skin (nonspecific)
2nd: inflammatory process( non specific) 3rd: immune response (specific) |
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Methods of controlling transmission of infectious agents
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isolation; wearing gloves, masks, gowns & goggles; handwashing with antimicrobial soap (fake acrylic nails harbor bacteria); needles must be disposed correctly; immunizations; sanitation (sterilize & desinfect); drug prophylaxis
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what are precautions to take when performing pulsed lavage?
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- read instructions
- position splash shield to remain in contact with wound/periwound at all times - dispose of suctions waste - disinfect any reusable items - always perform in ventilated room - minimize potential contamination, close all cabinets & shelves - wear gown, gloves, mask, goggles, hair & shoe covers - conver all entrance lines & ports and wounds not being treated. |
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What is proper hand hygiene?
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- wash hands with soap and water for 15-20 secs & turn handle with towel.
- alcohol based rubs; better than soap & water. - jewelry & artificial nails may sequester germs |
