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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS IMMUNITY?
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RESISTANCE TO DISEASE
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WHAT ARE THE TWO INTRINSIC SYSTEMS OF IMMUNITY?
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INNATE (NONSPECIFIC) DEFENSE SYSTEM AND ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSE SYSTEM
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WHAT IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE?
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SURFACE BARRIERS / EXTERNAL BODY MEMBRANES
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GENERALLY SPEAKING, WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE?
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SKIN, MUCOSAE, AND THEIR SECRETIONS
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WHAT IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE?
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INNATE INTERNAL DEFENSE
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GENERALLY SPEAKING, WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE?
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TO INHIBIT THE SPREAD OF INVADERS FACILITATED BY USE OF INFLAMMATION
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WHAT IS THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE?
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ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSE
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WHY IS THIS LINE OF DEFENSE REFERRED TO AS "SPECIFIC?"
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IT ATTACKS SPECIFIC / PARTICULAR FOREIGN SUBSTANCES (RATHER THAN ANY OR ALL)
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WHICH LINE OF DEFENSE TAKES LONGEST TO REACT?
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ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) DEFENSE
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WHICH LINE OF DEFENSE IS THE PHYSICAL BARRIER TO MOST MICROORGANISMS?
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SURFACE BARRIERS
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WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIVE ROLES OF KERATIN (AND TO A SIMILAR EXTENT, MUCOSAE)?
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THEY PROTECT AGAINST WEAK ACIDS & BASES, BACTERIAL ENZYMES, AND TOXINS
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WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIVE CHEMICALS OF THE INNATE EXTERNAL DEFENSE THAT INHIBIT OR DESTROY MICROORGANISMS?
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SKIN ACIDITY, COMPONENTS OF SEBUM AND SWEAT, HCL AND PROTEIN-DIGESTING ENZYMES OF STOMACH MUCOSAE, LYSOZYME OF SALIVA AND LACRIMAL FLUID, AND MUCUS
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WHAT ARE THE PROTECTIVE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS?
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THE MUCUS-COATED HAIRS IN THE NOSE AND THE CILIA OF THE UPPER-RESPIRATORY TRACT
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WHAT LINE OF DEFENSE IS NECESSARY IF MICROORGANISMS INVADE DEEPER TISSUES?
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THE INNATE INTERNAL DEFENSE
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GENERALLY SPEAKING, WHAT DOES THE INTERNAL DEFENSES CONSIST OF?
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CELLS AND CHEMICALS
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MORE SPECIFICALLY SPEAKING, WHAT ARE THE CELLS AND CHEMICALS OF THE INTERNAL DEFENSES?
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PHAGOCYTES (NEUTROPHILS, MACROPHAGES), ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS (INTERFERONS, COMPLIMENT), INFLAMMATION, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, AND FEVER
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WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY PHAGOCYTIC CELLS?
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MACROPHAGES
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WHAT WERE THE MACROPHAGES BEFORE THEY DEVELOPED?
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MONOCYTES
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MACROPHAGES?
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FREE MACROPHAGES AND FIXED MACROPHAGES
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WHAT ARE FREE MACROPHAGES?
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MACROPHAGES THAT WANDER THROUGH TISSUE SPACES
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WHAT ARE FIXED MACROPHAGES?
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MACROPHAGES THAT ARE PERMANENT RESIDENTS OF SOME ORGANS
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OTHER THAN MACROPHAGES, WHAT IS THE OTHER TYPE OF PHAGOCYTE?
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NEUTROPHILS
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WHEN DO NEUTROPHILS BECOME PHAGOCYTIC?
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UPON ENCOUNTERING INFECTIOUS MATERIAL IN TISSUES
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WHAT FACILITATES THE ADHERENCE OF A PHAGOCYTE TO A PATHOGEN?
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OPSONIZATION
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WHAT IS OPSONIZATION?
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THE COATING / TAGGING OF PATHOGEN BY COMPLIMENT PROTEINS OR ANTIBODIES
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WHAT IS THE CELLULAR IDENTITY OF THE NATURAL KILLER CELLS?
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THEY ARE LARGE GRANULAR LYMPHOCYTES
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WHAT ARE THE NATURAL KILLER CELLS TARGET CELLS?
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CELLS THAT LACK "SELF" CELL-SURFACE RECEPTORS
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WHAT MECHANISM DO THE NATURAL KILLER CELLS USE ON THEIR TARGETS?
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INDUCING APOPTOSIS
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WHAT IS APOPTOSIS?
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CELL DEATH
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IN WHICH CELLS DO NATURAL KILLER CELLS INDUCE APOPTOSIS
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CANCER CELLS AND VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS
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OTHER THAN KILLING, WHAT DO THE NATURAL KILLER CELLS DO?
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THEY SECRETE POTENT CHEMICALS
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WHAT DOES THE SECRETED POTENT CHEMICALS OF THE NATURAL KILLER CELLS DO?
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THE CHEMICALS INHANCE THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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WHAT TRIGGERS THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?
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INJURY OR INFECTION TO BODY TISSUES
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN ROLES OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?
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TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF DAMAGING AGENTS, TO DISPOSE OF CELL DEBRIS AND PATHOGENS, AND TO SET THE STAGE FOR REPAIR
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WHAT ARE THE CARDINAL SIGNS FOR ACUTE INFLAMMATION?
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REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING, PAIN. (AND SOMETIMES IMPAIRMENT OF FUNCTION)
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WHAT CELLS BEAR THE RECEPTORS THAT RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC CLASSES OF INFECTING MICROBES (LATER CAUSING INFLAMMATION)?
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MACROPHAGES AND EPITHELIAL CELLS OF BOUNDARY TISSUES
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WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE MACROPHAGES AND EPITHELIAL CELLS OF BOUNDARY TISSUES RECOGNIZE THE INFECTING MICROBES?
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THE MACROPHAGES AND EPITHELIAL CELLS TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES
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WHAT IS THE MAIN ROLE OF CYTOKINES?
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TO PROMOTE INFLAMMATION
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WHAT RELEASES INFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS?
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INJURED TISSUE, PHAGOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES, BASOPHILS, AND MAST CELLS
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WHAT DOES THE RELEASE OF INFLAMMATORY CHEMICALS CAUSE?
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DILATION OF ARTERIOLES, INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF LOCAL CAPILLARIES, AND EDEMA
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WHAT IS EDEMA?
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LEAKAGE OF FLUID FROM CIRCULATION
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WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE FLUID THAT LEAKS FROM CIRCULATION?
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EXUDATE
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WHAT DOES EXUDATE CONSIST OF?
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PROTEINS, CLOTTING FACTORS, AND ANTIBODIES
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SURGE OF EXUDATE (INTO THE INJURED TISSUE) ?
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TO MOVE FOREIGN MATERIAL INTO THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS AND TO DELIVER CLOTTING PROTEINS TO FORM A SCAFFOLD FOR REPAIR & TO ISOLATION OF THE AREA
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WHAT OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO FACTORS RELEASED FROM INJURED CELLS?
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LEUKOCYTOSIS
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WHAT IS LEUKOCYTOSIS?
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THE RELEASE OF NEUTROPHILS FROM THE BONE MARROW
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WHAT OCCURS AFTER THIS RELEASE OF NEUTROPHILS FROM THE BONE MARROW (IN RESPONSE TO FACTORS RELEASED FROM INJURED CELLS)?
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MARGINATION
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WHAT IS MARGINATION?
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THE ACT OF NEUTROPHILS CLINGING TO THE WALLS OF CAPILLARIES IN THE INFLAMMED AREA
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WHAT OCCURS AFTER MARGINATION?
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DIAPEDESIS OF NEUTROPHILS
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WHAT IS DIAPEDESIS OF NEUTROPHILS?
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THE FLATTENING OF NEUTROPHILS SO THAT THEY CAN SQUEEZE THROUGH THE CAPILLARY VESSEL INTO THE INFLAMMED TISSUE
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ONCE THE NEUTROPHILS GET INTO THE INFLAMMED TISSUE, WHAT PROMOTES THEIR MOVEMENT TOWARDS THE INFLAMMED SITE?
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CHEMOTAXIS
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WHAT ARE CHEMOTAXIS?
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A CHEMICAL TRAIL THAT LEADS THE NEUTROPHILS
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WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?
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INTERFERONS (IFNs) AND COMPLIMENT PROTEINS
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WHAT ARE THE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ANTIMICROBIAL (OR ANTIVIRAL) PROTEINS
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TO ATTACT THE MICROORGANISMS DIRECTLY AND TO HINDER MICROORGANISMS' ABILTIY TO REPRODUCE
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WHAT DOES A CELL BEGIN TO ACTIVATE AND THEN SECRETE WHEN IT BECOME VIRALLY-INFECTED?
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INTERFERONS
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AFTER BEING SECRETED, WHERE DO THE INTERFERONS GO?
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THEY ENTER NEIGHBORING CELLS
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AFTER THE NEIGHBORING CELLS OBTAIN THE IFNs, WHAT DOES THIS ENABLE THEM TO DO?
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THIS ENABLES THEM TO PRODUCE ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS THAT BLOCK VIRAL REPRODUCTION
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WHAT TYPE OF CELLS PRODUCE INTERFERONS?
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A VARIETY OF CELLS, (VIRAL-INFECTED CELLS)
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF INTERFERONS?
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THEY ARE ANTI-VIRAL; REDUCE INFLAMMATION; ACTIVATE MACROPHAGES, AND MOBILIZE NK CELLS
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WHAT ARE THE ~20 BLOOD PROTEINS THAT CIRCULATE IN INACTIVE FORM?
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COMPLEMENT PROTEINS
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WHAT DO THE COMPLIMENT PROTEINS HAVE A MAJOR MECHANISM FOR?
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DESTROYING FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
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WHAT ARE THE KEY FUNCTIONS FOR THE GROUP OF COMPLIMENT PROTEIN MOLECULES?
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TO AMPLIFY ALL ASPECTS OF THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE; TO KILL BACTERIA AND CERTAIN OTHER CELL TYPES BY CELL LYSIS; TO ENHANCE BOTH NONSPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC DEFENSES
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WHAT ARE THE TWO PATHWAYS FOR COMPLIMENT PROTEIN ACTIVATION?
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CLASSICAL PATHWAY AND ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY
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WHAT DOES THE CLASSICAL PATHWAY FOR COMPLIMENT PROTEIN ACTIVATION INCLUDE?
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ANTIBODIES BIND TO INVADING ORGANISMS (CREATING THE ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX)
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WHAT DOES THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR COMPLIMENT PROTEIN ACTIVATION INCLUDE?
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SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION + STABILIZING FACTORS + NO INHIBITORS ON PATHOGEN SURFACE
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WHAT TRIGGERS THE ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY COMPLIMENT PROTEIN ACTIVATION?
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WHEN SOME TYPES INTERACT WITH THE SURFACE OF MICROORGANISMS DIRECTLY
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WHAT DOES AN ACTIVATED COMPLIMENT PROTEIN DO?
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IT ENHANCES INFLAMMTION; IT PROMOTES PHAGOCYTOSIS; IT CAUSES CELL LYSIS
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HOW DOES AN ACTIVATED COMPLIMENT PROTEIN PROMOTE PHAGOCYTOSIS?
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BY USE OF OPSONIZATION (COATING OF THE PATHOGENS SURFACE)
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HOW DOES AN ACTIVATED COMPLIMENT PROTEIN ENHANCE INFLAMMATION?
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IT STIMULATES HISTAMINE RELEASE; INCREASES BLOOD VESSEL PERMEABILITY; ATTRACTS PHAGOCYTES BY CHEMOTAXIS
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WHAT IS A SYSTEMIC RESPONSE TO INVADING MICROORGANISMS?
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FEVER
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WHAT RESETS THE BODY'S THERMOSTAT UPWARD?
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PYROGENS
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WHAT CELLS SECRETE PYROGENS?
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LEUKOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
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WHEN DO LEUKOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES SECRETE PYROGENS?
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WHEN THE LEUKOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES ARE EXPOSED TO FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
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WHY ARE HIGH FEVERS DANGEROUS?
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BECAUSE HEAT DENATURES ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEINS
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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF MODERATE FEVER?
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A MODERATE FEVER CAUSES THE LIVER AND SPLEEN TO REMOVE IRON AND ZINC FROM CIRCULATION (WHICH IS NEEDED BY MICROORGANISMS) AND INCREASES THE METABOLIC RATE (WHICH SPEEDS UP REPAIR)
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DO THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSES PROTECT AGAINST INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND ABNORMAL BODY CELLS?
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YES.
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DO THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSES AMPLIFY THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?
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YES
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DO THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSES ACTIVATE COMPLIMENT PROTEINS?
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YES
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WHAT ARE THREE WAYS IN WHICH THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE INNATE DEFENSE?
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THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSE IS SYSTEMIC, HAS MEMORY, AND IS SPECIFC
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WHAT ARE THE TWO SEPARATE ARMS OF THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSE?
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HUMORAL (ANTIBODY-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY AND CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED) IMMUNITY
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WHAT ARE ANTIGENS?
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SUBSTANCES THAT CAN MOBILIZE THE ADAPTIVE DEFENSES AND PROVOVE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
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WHAT IS A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF AN ANTIGEN?
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MOST ARE LARGE, NON-SELF, COMPLEX MOLECULES
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ANTIGENS?
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COMPLETE ANTIGENS AND HAPTENS (INCOMPLETE ANTIGENS)
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WHAT ARE THE TWO IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLETE ANTIGENS
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THEY HAVE IMMUNOGENICITY AND REACTIVITY
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WHAT IS IMMUNOGENICITY?
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THE ABILITY TO STIMULATE PROLIFERATION OF SPECIFIC LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES
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WHAT IS REACTIVITY?
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THE ABILITY TO REACT WITH PRODUCTS OF ACTIVATED LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES RELEASED
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WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPLETE ANTIGENS
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FOREIGN PROTEIN, POLYSACCHARIDES, LIPIDS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
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WHAT ARE SOME PHYSICAL EXAMPLES OF HAPTENS?
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SMALL MOLECULES LIKE PEPTIDES, NUCLEOTIDES, AND HORMONES
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ARE HAPTENS IMMUNOGENIC?
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NO
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WHEN CAN HAPTENS BECOME IMMUNOGENIC?
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WHEN THEY BECOME ATTACHED TO A BODY PROTEIN
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WHAT DO HAPTENS DO TO THE BODY?
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THEY CAUSE THE BODY TO MOUNT A HARMFUL ATTACK
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WHAT OUTSIDE SOURCES CONTAIN HAPTENS?
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POISON IVY, ANIMAL DANDER, DETERGENTS, AND COSMETICS
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WHAT ARE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS?
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THE SPECIFIC PARTS OF AN ENTIRE ANTIGEN THAT ARE IMMUNOGENIC
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WHAT BINDS TO THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS?
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ANTIBODIES AND LYMPHOCYTES
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MOST NATURALLY OCCURING ANTIGENS HAVE MANY ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS THAT DO WHAT?
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THAT MOBILIZE SEVERAL DIFFERENT LYMPHOCYTE POPULATIONS; AND THAT FORM DIFFERENT KINDS OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST IT
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WHAT ARE SELF-ANTIGENS?
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THEY ARE PROTEIN MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE OF CELLS
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WHAT ARE SELF-ANTIGENS ANTIGENIC TO?
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THEY ARE ANTIGENIC TO OTHERS IN TRANSFUSIONS AND GRAFTS
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WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF SELF-ANTIGENS?
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MHC PROTEINS
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WHAT ARE MHC PROTEINS CODED FOR BY?
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THEY ARE CODED FOR BY PARTICULAR GENES AND ARE UNIQUE TO AN INDIVIDUAL
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WHAT ARE THE CLASSES OF MHC PROTEINS?
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CLASS I MHC PROTEINS AND CLASS II MCH PROTEINS
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WHERE ARE CLASS I MHC PROTEINS FOUND?
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ON VIRTUALLY ALL BODY CELLS
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WHERE ARE CLASS II MHC PROTEINS FOUND?
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ON CERTAIN CELLS OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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WHAT DO MHC PROTEINS DISPLAY?
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PEPTIDES
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WHAT DO MHC PROTEINS DISPLAY IN INFECTED CELLS?
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FRAGMENTS OF FOREIGN ANITGENS, WHICH HELP MOBILIZE THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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WHAT ARE THE CELLS OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE?
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B LYMPHOCYTES, T LYMPHOCYTES, AND APCs (ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS)
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WHICH CELL OF THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE DOES NOT RESPOND TO SPECIFIC ANTIGENS?
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THE ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCs)
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WHAT GENERAL ROLE DO THE APCs PLAY IN ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?
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THEY PLAY ESSENTIAL AUXILLARY ROLES
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WHERE DO THE LYMPHOCYTES ORIGINATE?
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IN THE RED BONE MARROW
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WHERE DO THE B CELLS MATURE?
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IN THE RED BONE MARROW
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WHERE DO THE T CELLS MATURE?
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IN THE THYMUS
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WHAT PROPERTIES DO THE LYMPHOCYTES HAVE WHEN THEY MATURE?
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IMMUNOCOMPETENCE AND SELF-TOLERANCE
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WHAT IS IMMUNOCOMPETENCE?
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THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND BIND TO A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
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WHAT IS SELF-TOLERANCE?
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THE ABILITY TO BE NON-RESPONSIVE TO SELF ANTIGENS
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WHERE ARE MATURE, BUT NAIVE (UNEXPOSED) B AND T CELLS EXPORTED TO?
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THE LYMPH NODES, SPLEEN, AND OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS
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WHAT DO THE NAIVE (UNEXPOSED) B AND T CELLS ENCOUNTER IN THE LYMPHATICS OR LYMPHOID ORGANS?
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THE ENCOUNTER THEIR ANTIGEN
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WHAT DO THE IMMUNOCOMPETENT LYMPHOCYTES DO AFTER THEY BECOME ANTIGEN-ACTIVATED?
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THEY CIRCULATE CONTINUOUSLY IN THE BLOODSTREAM AND LYMPH THROUGHOUT THE LYMPHOID ORGANS OF THE BODY
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WHILE IN THE THYMUS, WHAT PRESSURES DO THE T CELLS UNDERGO IN ORDER TO MATURE (AND HENCE SURVIVE) ?
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THEY UNDERGO THE PRESSURES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SELECTION
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WHAT DOES THE T CELL NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO PASS POSTIVE SELECTION?
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THE T CELL NEEDS TO BE CAPABLE OF BINDING, BUT NOT REACTING TO, SELF-MHC PROTEINS (AND ONLY SELF-MHC...NOT SELF-ANTIGENS!)
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WHAT DOES THE T CELL NEED TO DO IN ORDER TO PASS NEGATIVE SELECTION?
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IT SIMPLY NEEDS TO NOT REACT TO SELF-MHCS
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WHAT DOES NEGATIVE SELECTION ENSURE?
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SELF-TOLERANCE
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WHAT DOES POSTIVE SELECTION ENSURE?
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IMMUNOCOMPETENCE
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DURING POSITVE SELECTION PRESSURES, DURING POSTIVE SELECTION, WHAT HAPPENS IF THE DEVELOPING T-CELL FAILS TO RECOGNIZE THE SELF-MHC?
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THE RESULT IS APOPTOSIS (CELL DEATH) OF THE DEVELOPING T-CELL
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WHAT IS MHC RESTRICTION?
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THE T-CELLs RECOGZNING OF THE SELF-MHC
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DURING NEGATIVE SELECTION, WHAT HAPPENS IF THE DEVELOPING T-CELL RECOGNIZES THE SELF-ANTIGEN?
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THE RESULT IS APOPTOSIS (CELL DEATH) OF THE DEVELOPING T-CELL
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WHAT IS A POSSIBILITY THAT COULD OCCUR IF A T-CELL RECOGNIZES SELF-ANTIGENS?
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THE T-CELLS WOULD BE SELF-REACTIVE THAT COULD CAUSE AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS
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DURING NEGATIVE SELECTION, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE DEVELOPING T CELL FAILS TO RECOGNIZE (BOND TIGHTLY TO) THE SELF-ANTIGEN?
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THE DEVELOPING T-CELL SURVIVES AND CONTINUES ON INTO MATURATION
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WHERE DO B CELLS MATURE?
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IN THE RED BONE MARROW
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WHAT CAN HAPPEN TO B CELLS THAT REACT TO SELF?
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THEY ARE ELMINATED BY CLONAL DELETION; THEY UNDERGO RECEPTOR EDITING; THEY ARE INACTIVED IF THEY ESCAPE THE BONE MARROW
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HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANTIGEN RECEPTORS DO LYMPHOCYTES MAKE UP?
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UP TO A BILLION DIFFERENT TYPES
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WHAT ARE THESE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS CODED FOR BY?
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OUR ~25,000 GENES
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WHAT DETERMINES WHICH FOREIGN SUBSTANCES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL RECOGNIZE AND RESIST?
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OUR GENES
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WHAT DO ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCs) DO?
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THEY ENGULF ANTIGENS AND PRESENT FRAGMENTS OF ANTIGENS TO BE RECOGNIZED BY T CELLS
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WHAT ARE THE MAJOR TYPES OF APCs?
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DENDRITIC CELLS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES & EPIDERMIS, MACROPHAGES IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES & LYMPHOID ORGANS, AND B CELLS
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WHAT ARE TWO THINGS THAT THE MACROPHAGES AND DENDRITIC CELLS DO?
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THEY PRESENT ANTIGENS AND ACTIVATE T CELLS
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WHERE DO MACROPHAGES MOSTLY REMAIN?
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IN THE LYMPHOID ORGANS
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WHY DO DENDRITIC CELLS ENTER THE LYMPHATICS?
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TO PRESENT THE ANTIGENS TO T CELLS IN LYMPHOID ORGANS
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WHEN A MACROPHAGE OR DENDRITIC CELL ACTIVATES A T CELL, WHAT DOES THE T CELL THEN DO?
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IT RELEASES CHEMICALS THAT PROD THE MACROPHAGES TO BECOME STRONGLY PHAGOCYTIC & SECRETE BACTERICIDAL CHEMICALS
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DOES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY DEPEND ON THE ABILITY OF ITS CELLS TO RECOGNIZE ANTIGENS BY BINDING TO THEM?
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YES
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WHY DOES THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY DEPEND ON ITS CELLS TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE ANOTHER?
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SO THAT THE WHOLE SYSTEM MOUNTS A SPECIFIC RESPONSE
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WHAT IS AN ANTIGEN CHALLENGE?
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THE FIRST ENCOUNTER BETWEEN A LYMPHOCYTE AND A NAIVE IMMUNOCOMPETENT LYMPHOCYTE
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WHERE DOES THE ANTIGEN CHALLENGE USUALLY OCCUR?
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IN THE SPLEEN OR LYMPH NODE
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WHAT HAPPENS DURING AN ANTIGEN CHALLENGE WITH A B LYMPHOCYTE?
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THE ANTIGEN WILL PROVOKE A HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE AND ANTIBODIES WILL BE PRODUCED
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DURING CLONAL SELECTION, WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ANTIGENS BIND TO AND CROSS LINK THE B CELLS SURFACE RECEPTORS?
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THE B CELLS BECOME ACTIVATED
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DURING CLONAL SELECTION, WHAT OCCURS AFTER A B CELL GETS ACTIVATED?
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RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS OF CROSS-LINKED ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR COMPLEXES OCCUR
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DURING CLONAL SELECTION, WHAT OCCURS AFTER THE ENDOCYTOSIS OF THE CROSS-LINKED ANTIGEN-RECEPTOR COMPLEXES OCCUR?
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THE STIMULATED B CELL GROWS TO FORM A CLONE THAT WILL BEAR THE SAME ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC RECEPTORS (WITH THE HELP OF T CELLS)
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WHAT DO MOST (B CELL PRODUCT) CLONE CELLS BECOME?
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PLASMA CELLS
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WHAT DO PLASMA CELLS SECRETE, AT WHAT RATE, AND FOR HOW LONG?
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PLASMA CELLS SECRETE ANTIBODIES AT THE RATE OF 2000 MOLECULES PER SECOND FOR 4-5 DAYS
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WHERE DO THE SECRETED ANTIBODIES CIRCULATE?
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IN THE BLOOD OR LYMPH
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WHAT DO THE SECRETED ANTIBODIES BIND TO AND FOR WHAT PURPOSE?
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FREE ANTIGENS TO MARK THEM FOR DESTRUCTION
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OTHER THAN PLASMA CELLS, WHAT CAN CLONE CELLS BECOME?
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MEMORY CELLS
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WHAT DO MEMORY CELLS PROVIDE?
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IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
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WHAT TYPE OF RESPONSE DO MEMORY CELLS PROVIDE AND TO WHAT STIMULUS?
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AN IMMEDIATE RESPONSE TO FUTURE EXPOSURES OF THE SAME ANTIGEN
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WHEN DOES THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE OCCUR?
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OCCURS ON THE FIRST EXPOSURE TO A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN
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HOW LONG IS THE LAG PERIOD FOR THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESONSE?
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3 TO 6 DAYS
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DURING PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHEN ARE PEAK LEVELS OF PLASMA ANTIBODIES REACHED?
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IN TEN DAYS
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DURING PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHEN DO ANTIBODY LEVELS DECLINE?
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SOON AFTER THE PEAK LEVELS OF PLASMA ANTIBODIES ARE REACHED
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WHEN DOES SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE OCCUR?
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ON RE-EXPOSURE TO SAME ANTIGEN
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DURING SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHEN DO MEMORY CELLS RESPOND?
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WITHIN HOURS, BECAUSE THEY ARE SENSITIZED
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DURING SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, WHEN DO ANTIBODY LEVELS PEAK?
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IN 2 OR 3 DAYS, AND AT MUCH HIGHER LEVELS THAN DURING PRIMARY RESPONSE
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DURING SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, DO ANTIBODIES BIND WITH MUCH GREATER AFFINITY THAT IT HAD DURING PRIMARY RESPONSE?
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YES
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DURING SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE, HOW LONG CAN ANTIBODY LEVEL REMAIN HIGH FOR?
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WEEKS TO MONTHS
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DESCRIBE MEMORY CELLS?
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THEY ARE B CELLS THAT ARE CREATED DURING CLONAL SELECTION; THEY ARE PRIMED TO RESPOND TO THE SAME ANTIGEN
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WHEN DOES ACTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY OCCUR?
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WHEN B CELLS ENCOUNTER ANTIGENS AND PRODUCE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES AGAINST IT
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF ACTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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NATURALLY AQUIRED AND ARTIFICALLY AQUIRED
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WHAT IS NATURALLY AQUIRED ACTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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A RESPONSE TO BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION
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WHAT IS ARTIFICALLY AQUIRED ACTIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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A RESPONSE TO A VACCINE OF DEAD OR ATTENUATED PATHOGENS
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WHAT IMMUNE RESPONSE DO VACCINES SPARE US?
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THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
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WHAT DO VACCINES PROVIDE?
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ANTIGENS THAT CAUSE A REACTION
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WHAT DO VACCINES TARGET?
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ONLY ONE TYPE OF HELPER T CELL
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WHAT DO VACCINES FAIL TO DO?
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THEY FAIL TO FULLY ESTABLISH CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
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DURING PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY, ARE B CELLS CHALLENGED BY ANTIGENS
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NO
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DURING PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY, DOES IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY OCCUR?
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NO
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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NATURALLY ACQUIRED AND ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED
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WHAT IS NATURALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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ANTIBODIES DELIVERED TO A FETUS VIA THE PLACENTA OR TO INFANT THROUGH MILK
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WHAT IS ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE IMMUNITY?
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INJECTION OF SERUM, SUCH AS GAMMA GLOBULIN
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WHAT IS A PROPERTY OF ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED PASSIVE HUMORAL IMMUNITY?
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IMMEDIATE PROTECTION, BUT ENDS WHEN ANTIBODIES NATURALLY DEGRADE IN THE BODY
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