Immune Disorders

Front 1

The term used to describe an abnormal immune response.

Back 1

Hypersensitivity

Front 2

Hypersensitivity requires ___________ to establish immune response and ____________ for the hypersensitive rxn to occur?

Back 2

Intial exposure to establish

Second exposure to occur

Front 3

What are the 4 types of of hypersensitivity? Give brief description of each.

Back 3

Type I (immediate/anaphylactic)

Type II (cytotoxic)

Type III (immune-complex mediated)

Type IV (delayed or cell-mediated)

Front 4

Which hypersensitivity causes inflammatory molecules in response to antigens? Do they travel through out the body?

Back 4

Type 1

Causes localized or systemically rxns

Hint 4

Anaphylactic

Front 5

True or false) Type 1 hypersensitivity can develop over long periods of time

Back 5

False, develop within seconds or minutes

Front 6

In type I hypersensitivity __________ produce cytokines that stimulate B cells to become __________, that secrete ______.

Back 6

TH cells

Plasma cells secrete IgE.

Front 7

The the tail in the IgE can bind to certain/other WBC in the body called:

Back 7

mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

Front 8

Binding of IgE induces:

Back 8

secretion lots of inflammatory chemicals including histamines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Front 9

Where are mast cells and basophils found?

Back 9

Mast cells - close to body surfaces such as the skin and the walls of the intestines and airways

Basophils - circulate in blood

Front 10

Depending on location, when stimulated, basophils and mast cells

Back 10

release of inflammatory molecules - cause symptoms

Front 11

True or false ) Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are usually mild and localized

Back 11

True

Front 12

In localized allergic reactions, site of reaction depends on _____________.

Back 12

Portal of entry.

Front 13

Describe when and how Type 1 hypersensitivity becomes dangerous.

Back 13

Systemic anaphylaxis (anaphylactic shock) - can result in widespread activation of cells

-signs of suffocation and can be fatal

Hint 13

When it becomes systemic.

Front 14

Antihistamines

Back 14

Is a drug that naturalizes histamines Counteract the inflammatory response.

Front 15

What are Corticosteroids and what are they usually accompanied with?

Back 15

An anti-inflammatory, used to treat asthma. Usually with a bronchodilator in an inhaler.

Front 16

Epinephrine is used for, what does it do?

Back 16

Severe asthma and anaphylaxis.

It relaxes smooth muscle and reduces vascular permeability.

Front 17

What are the results of Type II hypersensitivity?

Back 17

Host destroys some of the cells in the body as a result of an immune response.

Hint 17

Cytotoxic

Front 18

This hypersensitivity is often due to the combined activities of complement and antibodies.

Back 18

Type II - cytotoxic

Front 19

What is the concern of having Rh antibodies in blood?

Back 19

The risk of hemolytic disease in newborns.

When newborns are Rh+ and they are exposed to antigens against Rh antigen, their cells will lyse.

Front 20

What do humans and rhesus monkeys have in common?

Back 20

Rh factor in blood.

Front 21

In hemolytic disease in newborns the father is RH (+ or -) and the mother is Rh(+ or -)?

Back 21

Father Rh+

Mother Rh-

Front 22

What can be done to prevent hemolytic disease of newborns?

Back 22

Administer anti-Rh serum, called Rhogam to Rh- pregnant women.

Front 23

How does Rhogam work?

Back 23

Rhogam destroys any fetal red blood cells that may have entered the mother - so the mother doesn't develop antibodies (sensitization does not occur)

Front 24

How do haptens function?

Back 24

Spontaneously bind to blood cells or platelets and stimulate the production of antibodies that activate complement and lysis of those cells

Front 25

True or false) Drugs can be haptens.

Back 25

True

Front 26

From ppt, list some diseases that can be caused by drug induced reactions.

Back 26

-Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

-Agranulocytosis

-Hemolytic anemia

Front 27

Describe Type III hypersensitivity.

Back 27

Occurs due to the formation of antigen-antibody (IgG) immune complexes, that escape phagocytosis and settle in other tissues. Causing problems, including inflammation.

Hint 27

Immune-complex mediated

Front 28

Rheumatoid arthritis and glomerulonephritis are results of which type of hypersensitivity?

Back 28

Type III

Front 29

Describe Type IV hypersensitivity.

Back 29

Result specifically from the interactions of antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and T cells. Delays cause macrophages and T cells affects time to migrate and proliferate at site of infection.

Hint 29

(Delayed/cell mediated)

Front 30

During this hypersensitivity, inflammation occurs after 12-24 hrs of contact with antigen.

Back 30

Type IV

Front 31

Haptens for allergic contact dermatitis include:

Back 31

Formaldahyde, cosmetics, chemicals used to produce latex.

Front 32

What can treat allergic contact dermatitis?

Back 32

Corticosteroids

Front 33

Allergic contact dermatitis can happen when:

Back 33

-a hapten, such as the oil from poison ivy, bind to proteins on the skin

-a Tc cells destroy so many skin cells that fluid-filled blisters develop

Front 34

Tuberculin response is what type of hyper sensitivity?

Back 34

Type IV

Front 35

Tuberculin response is mediated by:

Back 35

Memory T cells that secrete cytokines

Front 36

These cause the attacking of self leading to loss of tolerance.

Back 36

Autoimmune diseases

Front 37

Stats on autoimmune diseases:

Back 37

80-100 diseases affecting over 20 million in US

Front 38

Auto immune diseases are often result of:

Back 38

Molecular mimicry

Front 39

From ppt, give the example of molecular mimicry:

Back 39

Rheumatic fever - response to strep antigens that also react with heart tissue

Front 40

Why does molecular mimicry happen?

Back 40

similarities between foreign and self-peptides are sufficient to result in the cross-activation of autoreactive T or B cells

May lead to:

-cell death

-activation/blockage of receptors

Hint 40

differentiation is difficult

Front 41

Superantigens

Back 41

Certain antigens that are capable of activating many T cells abnormally and causing increase of cytokines.

Front 42

Unlike normal typical antigens, Superantigens can active up to ____ % of _____ cells.

Back 42

80% of T cells.

Hint 42

(Typically: < .01%)

Front 43

Loss of T cells leads to

Back 43

Increased viral and fungal infections; tumors

Front 44

Loss of B cells leads to

Back 44

Increased bacterial infections

Front 45

What is SCID?

Back 45

Sever combined immune deficiency - individuals do not producing either T or B cells