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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are two autoimmune diseases
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Graves and ms
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What is an antigen mostly mad up of
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Protein
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What is the disease causing portion of an antigen
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Epitope
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What is a pathogen
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Disease causing antigen
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How many epitopes can each response react to
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Only one
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What does the first line of nonspecific defenses consist of
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Skin mucous nasal hairs saliva stomach acid oils on skin tears
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What line of defense do macrophages fall under
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2nd line of nonspecific
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What to NK cells targt and how do they kill
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Viral cells lysis
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What immunoglobulin is most prevalent
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G
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What is the purpose of igG
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To activate the compliment system and has immunological memory
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which type of lymphocyte is responsible for humoral response? cell mediated response?
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b lymphocytes; t lymphocytes
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what is the compliment system
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group of 20 plasma proteins which aid in immune response
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opsonization
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one protein coats invading microorganism and makes it more tasty for phagocytic cells
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what immunoglobulin is responsible from protecting the entry sites of the body
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igA
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what immunoglobulin is responsible for the initiation of the immune response
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igD
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which immunoglobulin is the first responder
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igM
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what are some characteristics of an antibody
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2 heavy chains, 2 light chains, shaped like a y, held together by disulfide bonds
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how many constant regions exist for antibodies
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5 (GMADE)
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how do antibodies aid in immune response
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trap antigens in large complexes to make them more available to killing cells
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what cell produces antibodies
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plasma cells
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where are b lymphocytes produced? mature?
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bone marrow, bone marrow
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where are t lymphocytes produced? mature?
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bone marrow, thymus gland
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helper t cells
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support and generate production of b and t cells
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cytotoxic t cells
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ability to distinguish self from non self;kill non self by lysis
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memory t cells
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live for entire life and respond every time the same epitope enters the body
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suppressor t cells
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suppress immune system after response is over
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major histocompatibility complex
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fingerprints on surface of nucleated cells
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CD 8 cells and what they respond to
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cytotoxic t cells; MHC I (nucleated cells)
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CD 4 cells and what they respond to
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helper t cells; MHC II (macrophages)
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how long does the immune response take
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4 -5 days
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interleukin I
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cytokine which is released by the macrophage and activates helper T cells to act in immune response
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interleukin II
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cytokine which is released by helper t cells commits b and t cells
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how do cytotoxic t cells kill?
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perforin and granulysin make cell membrane weaker and cytotoxic t cells kill by lysis
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active immunity? artificial active immunity?
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when immune system mounts a response and develops memory b and t cells; vaccine
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passive immunity? artificial passive immunity?
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passing immune response from one person to another; injection of antibodies
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why is HIV dangerous
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attacks helper t cells (CD4 marker) so no new immune responses can be developed
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opportunistic infection
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the infection that kills HIV patients because there are no more immune responses left
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aids related complex
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don't know someone has aids because they are so healthy
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