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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(def)
subset of physical activity defined as a planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement. |
Excersise
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What are the benefits of physical activity or excersise?
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1 reduction of serum triglyceride levels
2 reduction of blood pressure 3 increase in level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol 4 enhancement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity 5 decreased risk of several chronic diseases (CAD, hypertension, type 2 DM, osteoporosis, colon cancer, anxiety, and depression) |
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(def)
any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in the expenditure of energy. |
Physical activity
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What are the 5 components of physical fitness?
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1 Muscle strength- the amount of force a person can exert with the muscles against resistance.
2 Endurance- the ability of the muscles to be used over a period of time without becoming fatigued. 3 Cario respitory fitness- your heart and lungs should keep up with the activity. 4 Joint flexibility-the ability to use a muscle fully through its maximum range of motion 5 Body Composition- recommended proportion of fat to lean body tissue |
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What are the 3 types of excersise?
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1. Isotonic (dynamic)- muscle tension is constant and the muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and movement.
2. Isometric- Increases muscle tension without changing the length or moving the joint. 3. Isokinetic (resistive)- combines both isometric and isotonic excersises. |
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Isometric excersise is not useful in preventing what?
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Joint contracture
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Which type of excersise has the greatest benefits?
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Isotonic
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What is the Valsalva Maneuver?
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it increases intrathoracic pressure by forcible exhalation against a closed closed glottis. It is unavoidable. **have client exhale while excersising can prevent this.**
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What are the 2 types of excersise grouped by source of energy?
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1. Aerobic- activity which allows the amount of oxygen taken in to be greater than or equal to the amount needed by the body.
2. Anaerobic- activity in which the amount of oxygen is not enough to meet the bodys need. |
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What are some examples of aerobic excersise?
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walking briskly, swimming
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What are some examples of anaerobic excersise?
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running up three flights of stairs
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What is the physical activity reccommendation for adults?
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1. 30 minutes or more of moderately intense activity on most days.
2. Activity should be in bouts of 10 mins. |
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How do you find your maximum heart rate?
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220- minus your age
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What are some examples of moderate activity?
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walking briskly, cycling for pleasure, golfing (pulling the cart), fishing (standing and casting), general house cleaning, mowing lawn
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T or F
The greater the duration and intensity, the greater the benefits. |
True
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What is an activity that uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is ryhthmical and aerobic in nature?
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Mode of activity
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What should be incorporated into an overall fitness program sufficent to develop and maintain range of motion?
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Flexibility excersises
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(def)
the ability to move freely in the environment. |
Mobility
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(def)
Confined to a position and one is unable to move or change positions independently. |
Immobility
**can be partial or complete** |
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What are the major reasons for immobility?
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-severe pain
-impairement of the musculoskeletal or nervous system -generalized weakness -psycosocial problems like depression -infectious processes |
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What are the physical activity recommendations?
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- 30 mins or more
-moderate intensity -most perferably all days of the week -Done in increments of ten minutes |
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What are some special considerations?
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-35 years and over plus sedentary life style
-elderly -always start with warm up and end with cool down -wear appropriate clothing -stop for pain, pressure in chest, irregular heart beats, dizziness, etc. |
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What are the physical activity recommendations?
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- 30 mins or more
-moderate intensity -most perferably all days of the week -Done in increments of ten minutes |
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What are the physical activity recommendations?
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- 30 mins or more
-moderate intensity -most perferably all days of the week -Done in increments of ten minutes |
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T or F
Prevention of a clot is far better than trying to treat a clot. |
True
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T or F
At times it may be therapeutic for the client to decrease activity. |
True
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What are the benefits of bed rest?
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- reduces body needs of oxygen b/c of reduced metabolism, secondary to reduced activity
-reduses pain in some instances **bedrest is only beneficial if the client is comfortable and rested** |
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T or F
Bedrest directs energy resources toward the activity rather than healing. |
False
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T or F
Bed rest can be used to prevent labor or miscarriages. |
True
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What are the effects of immobility on the pyschoneuological system?
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-Decrease in the quality and quantity of ssensory input
-Clients incresing awareness of limitations -can lead to social, emotional, and intellectual changes |
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What are the effects of bedrest on the metabolic system?
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-decreased metabolic rate
-negative nitrogen balance -Anorexia -Negative calcium balance |
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(def)
all physical and chemical processes of the body. |
Metabolism
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(def)
minimal energy expended for for the maintenance of physical and chemical processes. |
Basal metabolism
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How does a negative nitrogen balance affect the client?
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catabolism exceeds anabolism therefore created a negative balance of nitrogen. This causes a depletion of protein stores which are essential for building muscle and wound healing.
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What happens to the client when there is a negative calcium balance?
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Greater amounts of calcium are lost from the bone than can be replaced.
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What happens to the calcium that is released in a negative calcium balance?
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It is realeased into the blood and excreted in the urine. The excess can also cause kidney stones.
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What are the 3 things in the process of respiration?
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- pulmonary ventilation or the inflow or outflow of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
-diffusion of gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide, between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries -transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood to and from the cells |
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What are the adverse effects of bedrest of the respiratory system?
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-decreased expansion of the lungs
-reduced gas exchange in the alveoli -decreased hemoglobin |
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What are some signs that show the negative effects of bed rest on the respiratory system?
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-use of accessory muscles
-rapid pulse rate -increased temperature due to inflammaotry response in lungs -cough effort (productive/ non productive, color, amount consistency) -signs of hypoxia (increased pulse, restlessness, forgetfulness, cyanosis) -rate and quality of respirations (deep, shallow, easy, labored, moist, dry) |
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What are some nursing interventions for the effects of immobility on respiratory system?
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-increasing alveolar expansion
-preventing stasis of respiratory secretions -maintaining a patent airway to promote adequate exchange of gases in alveoli |
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(def)
condition characterized by increased arterial Carbon Dioxide, excess carbon acid, and increased plasma hydrogen ion concentration. |
Respiratory acidosis
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(def)
condition of severe hypercapnia with symptoms of confusion, tremors, convulsions and possible coma of blood levels are increased to 80mmHg or higher/ |
Carbon dioxide narcosis
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(def)
collapse of the alveoli of the lung caused by blockage of bronchioles with mucus or when amount of surfactant is reduced. |
Atelectasis
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(def)
infection of the lung tissue results from poor circulation or stagnation of secretions. |
Hypostatic pnuemonia
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What are some nursing interventions for clients expierencing negative effects of immobility on respiratory system?
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-deep breathing and coughing excersises
-diaphragmatic, abdominal breating excersises -turning, repositioning, and excersise -respiratory toiletry, incentive spirometer, percussion, postural drainage |
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Why do you used pursed lips when patients exhale as a nursing intervention?
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keeps the alveoli from collapsing
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What are the 5 major effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system?
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-dimished cardiac reserve
-orthostatic hypertension -increased use of the Valsalva Maneuver -dependent edema -increased incidence of thrombus formation |
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What are the 3 factors of Virchow's triangle?
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-stasis of venous flow
-hypercoagulability of blood -damage to the endothelium (inner lining of the vein) |
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T or F
All 3 factors don't have to be present in Virchow's Triad for a thrombus to occur. |
False
all 3 must be present |
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(def)
clot loosely attached to a vein. |
Thrombus
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(def)
clot loosely attached to an inflamed vein |
Thrombophlebitis
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What are the definig characteristics and treatment of atelectasis?
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Characteristics
-low grade fever -increased pulse and resp -dyspnea -abnormal chest x ray -cyanosis -adventitious breath sounds treatment -same as prevention but more aggressive |
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What are the defining characteristics and treatment of hypostatic pnuemonia?
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Characteristics
-cough -fever -pain when breathing -leukocytosis -yellowish sputum (greenish) -patchy infiltrate on chest x ray Treatment -antibiotics -aggressive preventative measures |
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What are two complications of immobility of the respiratory system?
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atelectasis and hypostatic pnuemonia
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T or F
The supine position makes the heart work 30% harder. |
True
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(def)
drop in blood pressure of 10-15 mmHg or more when changing from a lying to standing, or sitting to standing. |
Orthostatic hypotension
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Dependent edema results from the following sequence of events?
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-skeletal muscles don't contract sufficently and muscles atrophy (no longer assisting in pumping blood back to the heart against gravity)
-blood pools in veins, causing vasodialation and engorgement -venous pressure is so great that it pushes fluid out of the blood vein into interstitial spaces |
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T or F
Independent edema is not likely to occur in parts of the body positioned below the heart. |
False
It is more likely |
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Dependent edema results from the following sequence of events?
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-skeletal muscles don't contract sufficently and muscles atrophy (no longer assisting in pumping blood back to the heart against gravity)
-blood pools in veins, causing vasodialation and engorgement -venous pressure is so great that it pushes fluid out of the blood vein into interstitial spaces |
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T or F
Edematous tissue is more susceptible to damage. |
True
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During the Valsalva Maneuver when the breath is let out, what happens?
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there is a sudden decrease in intrathoracic pressure blood rushes to the heart and can be detrimental to a person with cardiac disease, weakened heart, arrythmias, and even death
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T or F
The Valsalva maneuver is used when straining to have a bowel movement. |
True
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What are the the adverse effects of bed rest on the musculoskeletal system?
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-atrophy
-decrease in strength and endurance -disuse osteoporosis |
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(def)
a deformity caused by prolonged flexion of muscle, resulting in shortening of the muscle, freezing of the joint and inability to extend the joint. |
Contracture
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Contractures result from what?
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-fibrosis (increase in amount of fibrous connective tissue)
-ankylosis (fixation of joint structures whenever joints are not moved) -permanent shortening of flexor muscles because flexor muscles are stronger than extensor muscles. |
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What is a clot that has moved from one part of the body to another?
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embolus
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What are some nursing preventative strategies with immobility on the musculoskeletal system?
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-body repositioning
-weight-bearing activity -encourage independence in activities of daily living -isotonic and isometric excersises -active and passive range of motion excersises |
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What are 3 causes of disuse osteoporosis?
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-lack of wieght bearing excersises
-decreased muscular activity -complex endocrine and metabolic disturbances that accompany bedrest. (calcium blood levels will increase which can lead to kidney stones) |
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What is the best treatment of contractures?
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Prevention
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T or F
Contractures are reversible. |
False
they are irreversible |
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What is the purpose of ROM excersises?
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-maintain joint mobility
-prevent complications such as decreased peripheral circulation, skin break down, and contractures |
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What are some causes of contractures?
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-lack of excersise
-muscle spasticity -prolonged joint immobilization -edema -pain or swelling |
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What are the benefits of ROM excersises?
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-prevent contratures
-mainjoint mobility -enhance circulation -stimulate sensory nerve endings -restore loss of joint function |
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What are the 3 types of ROM?
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-active- performed solely by client
-self-assisted-client uses stronger hand or leg to move weaker linb -passive- done by another person |
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What are the indications for an enema?
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-relieve constipation
-prep before diagnostic tests -before childbirth/surgery -during bowel retraining programs |
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What are the benefits of ROM excersises?
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-prevent contratures
-mainjoint mobility -enhance circulation -stimulate sensory nerve endings -restore loss of joint function |
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Urinary incontinence is what?
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loss of control over mictriculation
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Voluntary urination elimination is only possible when what is intact?
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the nerves supplying the bladder and urethra must be intact. (spinal cord, brain, and motor area of cerebrum)
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What are some names that are used interchangably with urination?
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-micturition
-voiding |
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What are some growth and development changes in the elderly with urination?
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-30% loss of glumeruli by age 80
-renal blood flow descreased -ability to concentrate urine declines -excessive urination at night -decreased frequency due to diminished bladder tone -urinary incontinence |
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What factors increase urination?
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-caffeine and alcohol
-foods high in fluid content |
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What factors decrease urinary output?
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high sodium content food and fluid
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How do you maintain adequate fluid intake?
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-offer fluids to the client perfers
-set a drinking schedule -avoid fluids before bedtime to decrease nocturia |
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How do medications interfer with urination?
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-can interfer with urination by causing retention
-can cause increased urine formation (diuretics) |
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T or F
Kegel excersises will help strengthen pelvic muscles? |
True
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T or F
Urinary catheritization does not affect muscle tone. |
False
It gives you poor muscle tone and client has to regain urinary control |
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T or F
The greater the muscle tone and activity, the greater the urine production. |
True
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What pathological factors affect urination?
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Atherosclerosis- decreases kidney function
Diabetes Insipidus- increase urine output |
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When is I&O ordered?
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-recieving IV fluids
-catherization -problem with fluid balance |
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What are the 5 types of ruinary incontinence?
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1. total-total uncontrolled and continuous loss of urine
2. functional- involuntary, unpredictable urination with an intact nervous and urinary system 3. stress- increased intra-abdominal pressure which casues leakage 4. urge- involuntary urination after a stronh sense to urinate 5. reflex or overflow- involuntary loss occuring a somewhat predictable intervals |
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(def)
accumulation of urine in bladder with the inability to empty fully. |
Urinary retention
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Define urinary stasis?
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stagnation of urine in kidneys and bladder
-horizontal position impedes emptying of urine -stasis- is contributed to UTI, kidney stones, incontinence |
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What are some ways to prevent urinary stasis?
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-turn client q 2 hrs
-active and passive ROM -ambulate client as soon as possible |
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What are some things that immobility can cause with the urinary sytem?
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-stasis of urine
-increased alkilinity -urinary distention -indwelling catheter can leead to infection |
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What are the 3 types of movement in the intestine?
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-haustral churning or shuffling
-peristalsis -mass peristalsis |
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What is haustral churning or shuffling?
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the movement of chyme back and forth within the haustra
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What is perstalsis?
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wavelike movement that propels contents forward
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What is mass peristalsis?
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powerful wavelike motion that moves over the colon, stimulated by the pressence of food
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What are some factors that affect defecation?
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-age
-diet -fluid intake -physical activity -psychological factors -personal habits -position during defecation -surgery and anesthsia -medications -diagnostic tests of GI tract |
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(def)
decrease in frequency of bowel movements accompanied by prolonged or difficult passage of hard, dry stools |
Constipation
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T or F
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease |
True
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