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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are Some Viral Respiratory Tract Infections? What do they cause?
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-Rhinoviruses and Influenza - Common Cold
-Respiratory Syncytial - Pneumonia |
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What are some of the Defenses of the Respiratory Tract?
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-Ciliated Cells
-Mucus -Alveolar Macrophages -Resident Microbiota |
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What is the Function of Ciliated Cells? What purpose does this serve?
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-Propel Mucus
-Moves Trapped Microorganisms out of the Airway |
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What type of Immunoglobulins are found in Mucus?
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sIgA - Secretory IgA
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How does Mucus Stop Viruses from attacking Cells? Describe this process using Influenza A as an example.
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-Compete with Virus Receptors
-Influenza A binds to Sialic Acid -Sialic Acid-Containing Proteins in Mucus Competitively bind to Influenza |
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What is the 2nd Line of Defense against Pathogens for the Lungs?
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Alveolar Macrophages
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What types of Particles end up actually reaching the Lungs?
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-Small Particles in Liquid Aerosols
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How can we stop Pathogens that are not killed by Normal Macrophages?
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-Tons of ways probably
-One way is via Activated Macrophages |
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What are Granulamtous Lesions in the Lungs formed from?
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Phagocytic Cell Accumulation
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How does the Natural Microbiota of the Mouth and Nasopharynx stop Infection?
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-Competes with Bad Guys for Nutrients
-Usually Outcompetes them |
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What are the main types of natural microbiota found in the Mouth and Nasopharynx?
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-Alpha-Hemolytic Gram-Positive Cocci
-Facultative |
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Why are pathogens able to move around so much in the Respiratory Tract and Infect a bunch of different Areas?
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All that shit is connected mofo!!!
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What can Upper Respiratory Pathogens also Infect?
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-Sinuses
-Middle Ear |
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What are Respiratory Tract/Lung Infections so Dangerous?
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-Diminished Gas Exchange
-Infectious Organisms can Gain Access to Bloodstream: can lead to Septic Shock and Meningitis |
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How does Smoking or Alcohol Abuse predispose a person to Lung Infection?
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-Damages Ciliated Cells and/or Alveolar Macrophages
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What are some factors that increase Risk for Lung Infections
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-Smoking or Alcohol Abuse
-Prior Lung Infections or Physical Lung Damage -Depression of Oral or Nasopharyngeal Microbiota -Overgrowth of Mouth by Pathgoens |
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What virus is usually responsible for the Common Cold?
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Rhinovirus
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What does Rhinovirus commonly cause?
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Common Cold
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What type of Virus is Rhinovirus? What family is it part of?
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-Non-enveloped, Nonsegmented, +ssRNA
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What types of Organisms does Rhinovirus Infect?
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Only humans
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Why is it so difficult to vaccinate against Rhinovirus?
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>100 Serotypes
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Why doesn't Rhinovirus make it deep down into the GI Tract?
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Sensitive to Acid
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Where on the Host Cell does Rhinovirus Attach? What does it use to mediate this attachment?
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-Attaches to Host Cell ICAM-1
-VP1 - Capsid Protein |
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Describe the Capsid of Rhinovirus.
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4 Proteins - VP1-4
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What does Replication of Rhinovirus in Epithelial Cells cause? What does this cause?
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-Inflammation
-Increased ICAM1 Proteins |
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Where does VP1 of Rhinoviruses bind to ICAM1?
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Canyon in VP1
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Describe the Mechanism of Entry of Rhinoviruses.
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-ICAM1 Bind to Canyon in VP1 Capsid
-Conformational Change in Virion -Injects RNA into Cytoplasm |
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What is Zicam? What is used to treat?
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-Drug that may prevent ICAM1-VP1 Interactions
-Common Cold/Rhinovirus Infection |
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How are Rhinoviruses usually spread? What do they cause?
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-Aerosols or Direct Contact
-Common Cold |
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What types of Cell Responses will result from Rhinovirus Infection?
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Local Inflammatory Responses
-Nasal Discharge -Congestion -Sneezing -Throat Irritation |
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What type of Virus is Influenza?
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Enveloped, Segmented, Negative Strand RNA Genome
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What does the Envelope of Influenza contain?
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-Hemagglutinin
-Neuraminidase |
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How does Hemagglutinin act?
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-Binds to Sialic Acid
-Spike-Shaped Trimer -Virus is then Taken up by the Cell |
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How does Influenza act once its in the Cell?
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-Ribonuclear Protein Core is Released into the Cytoplasm and moves to Nucleus
-Negative Strand Transcribed |
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How does Influenza prevent Host mRNA from binding Ribosomes?
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Removes the 5' Cap of host RNA
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What makes up the Ribonucleoprotein Core of Influenza A?
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Viral Proteins and Negative Strands
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How is the Ribonuclear Protein Core of Influenza enter the Cytoplasm?
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-Endocytosis to get into Cell
-Fuses with Vesicle Membrane -Proton Channel-Formed by M2 Protein-Promotes Acidification-Uncoating and Delivery |
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What is Antigenic Drift?
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Base changes in RNA
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What is Antigenic Shift?
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New segment of Genome Added
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What happens when Influenza infects Epithelial Cells?
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-Stimulates Production of IFN-Gamm and IFN-Beta
-Cells Lyse |
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What does Influenza Stimulate Production of?
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IFN-Gamma
IFN-Beta |
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How is the Flu treated?
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Bed Rest, Fluids, Acetominophen
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What drugs can be given for Influenza treatment? What do these do?
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-Amantidine
-Rimantidine -Affect M2 Ion Channel - Stops Virus Uncoating |
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What type of virus is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
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Enveloped, Nonsegmented, Negative ssRNA
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What does Protein G of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) do?
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Mediates Attachment to Host Cell
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What does Protein F of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) do?
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Mediates Direct Transmission from cell to cell
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What Mediates Attachment to Host Cell for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
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Protein G
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What Mediates Direct Transmission from cell to cell for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
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Protein F
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What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) cause? In who?
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-Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia
-Infants and Children |
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What types of Cells does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infect?
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-Epithelial Cells of Nasopharynx
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What do children infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) have difficulty breathing?
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Inflammation of the Lower Tract
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How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) treated?
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-Ventilators to Facilitate Breathing
-Ribavarin - Used in Severe Cases |
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How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Spread?
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Spread on Large Particles or Contact
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What type of viruses are Adenoviruses?
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Non-enveloped, dsDNA Viruses
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What are some clinical syndromes associated with Adenoviruses?
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-Pharyngitis
-Gastroenteritis and Diarrhea -Conjunctivitis -Obesity |