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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are Some Viral Respiratory Tract Infections? What do they cause?
-Rhinoviruses and Influenza - Common Cold
-Respiratory Syncytial - Pneumonia
What are some of the Defenses of the Respiratory Tract?
-Ciliated Cells
-Mucus
-Alveolar Macrophages
-Resident Microbiota
What is the Function of Ciliated Cells? What purpose does this serve?
-Propel Mucus
-Moves Trapped Microorganisms out of the Airway
What type of Immunoglobulins are found in Mucus?
sIgA - Secretory IgA
How does Mucus Stop Viruses from attacking Cells? Describe this process using Influenza A as an example.
-Compete with Virus Receptors
-Influenza A binds to Sialic Acid
-Sialic Acid-Containing Proteins in Mucus Competitively bind to Influenza
What is the 2nd Line of Defense against Pathogens for the Lungs?
Alveolar Macrophages
What types of Particles end up actually reaching the Lungs?
-Small Particles in Liquid Aerosols
How can we stop Pathogens that are not killed by Normal Macrophages?
-Tons of ways probably
-One way is via Activated Macrophages
What are Granulamtous Lesions in the Lungs formed from?
Phagocytic Cell Accumulation
How does the Natural Microbiota of the Mouth and Nasopharynx stop Infection?
-Competes with Bad Guys for Nutrients
-Usually Outcompetes them
What are the main types of natural microbiota found in the Mouth and Nasopharynx?
-Alpha-Hemolytic Gram-Positive Cocci
-Facultative
Why are pathogens able to move around so much in the Respiratory Tract and Infect a bunch of different Areas?
All that shit is connected mofo!!!
What can Upper Respiratory Pathogens also Infect?
-Sinuses
-Middle Ear
What are Respiratory Tract/Lung Infections so Dangerous?
-Diminished Gas Exchange
-Infectious Organisms can Gain Access to Bloodstream: can lead to Septic Shock and Meningitis
How does Smoking or Alcohol Abuse predispose a person to Lung Infection?
-Damages Ciliated Cells and/or Alveolar Macrophages
What are some factors that increase Risk for Lung Infections
-Smoking or Alcohol Abuse
-Prior Lung Infections or Physical Lung Damage
-Depression of Oral or Nasopharyngeal Microbiota
-Overgrowth of Mouth by Pathgoens
What virus is usually responsible for the Common Cold?
Rhinovirus
What does Rhinovirus commonly cause?
Common Cold
What type of Virus is Rhinovirus? What family is it part of?
-Non-enveloped, Nonsegmented, +ssRNA
What types of Organisms does Rhinovirus Infect?
Only humans
Why is it so difficult to vaccinate against Rhinovirus?
>100 Serotypes
Why doesn't Rhinovirus make it deep down into the GI Tract?
Sensitive to Acid
Where on the Host Cell does Rhinovirus Attach? What does it use to mediate this attachment?
-Attaches to Host Cell ICAM-1
-VP1 - Capsid Protein
Describe the Capsid of Rhinovirus.
4 Proteins - VP1-4
What does Replication of Rhinovirus in Epithelial Cells cause? What does this cause?
-Inflammation
-Increased ICAM1 Proteins
Where does VP1 of Rhinoviruses bind to ICAM1?
Canyon in VP1
Describe the Mechanism of Entry of Rhinoviruses.
-ICAM1 Bind to Canyon in VP1 Capsid
-Conformational Change in Virion
-Injects RNA into Cytoplasm
What is Zicam? What is used to treat?
-Drug that may prevent ICAM1-VP1 Interactions
-Common Cold/Rhinovirus Infection
How are Rhinoviruses usually spread? What do they cause?
-Aerosols or Direct Contact
-Common Cold
What types of Cell Responses will result from Rhinovirus Infection?
Local Inflammatory Responses
-Nasal Discharge
-Congestion
-Sneezing
-Throat Irritation
What type of Virus is Influenza?
Enveloped, Segmented, Negative Strand RNA Genome
What does the Envelope of Influenza contain?
-Hemagglutinin
-Neuraminidase
How does Hemagglutinin act?
-Binds to Sialic Acid
-Spike-Shaped Trimer
-Virus is then Taken up by the Cell
How does Influenza act once its in the Cell?
-Ribonuclear Protein Core is Released into the Cytoplasm and moves to Nucleus
-Negative Strand Transcribed
How does Influenza prevent Host mRNA from binding Ribosomes?
Removes the 5' Cap of host RNA
What makes up the Ribonucleoprotein Core of Influenza A?
Viral Proteins and Negative Strands
How is the Ribonuclear Protein Core of Influenza enter the Cytoplasm?
-Endocytosis to get into Cell
-Fuses with Vesicle Membrane
-Proton Channel-Formed by M2 Protein-Promotes Acidification-Uncoating and Delivery
What is Antigenic Drift?
Base changes in RNA
What is Antigenic Shift?
New segment of Genome Added
What happens when Influenza infects Epithelial Cells?
-Stimulates Production of IFN-Gamm and IFN-Beta
-Cells Lyse
What does Influenza Stimulate Production of?
IFN-Gamma
IFN-Beta
How is the Flu treated?
Bed Rest, Fluids, Acetominophen
What drugs can be given for Influenza treatment? What do these do?
-Amantidine
-Rimantidine
-Affect M2 Ion Channel - Stops Virus Uncoating
What type of virus is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Enveloped, Nonsegmented, Negative ssRNA
What does Protein G of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) do?
Mediates Attachment to Host Cell
What does Protein F of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) do?
Mediates Direct Transmission from cell to cell
What Mediates Attachment to Host Cell for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Protein G
What Mediates Direct Transmission from cell to cell for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)?
Protein F
What does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) cause? In who?
-Bronchiolitis and Pneumonia
-Infants and Children
What types of Cells does Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infect?
-Epithelial Cells of Nasopharynx
What do children infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) have difficulty breathing?
Inflammation of the Lower Tract
How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) treated?
-Ventilators to Facilitate Breathing
-Ribavarin - Used in Severe Cases
How is Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Spread?
Spread on Large Particles or Contact
What type of viruses are Adenoviruses?
Non-enveloped, dsDNA Viruses
What are some clinical syndromes associated with Adenoviruses?
-Pharyngitis
-Gastroenteritis and Diarrhea
-Conjunctivitis
-Obesity