Image Production Final

Front 1

Increased beam filtration __ radiographic contrast

Back 1

decreases

Front 2

Additive pathology requires

Back 2

an increase in kV

Front 3

X-ray beam intensity changes with a change in SID, the amount of change in intensity is determined by the

Back 3

inverse square law

Front 4

A greater change is needed in kV in the __ range to make a desired change in radiographic density

Back 4

higher

Front 5

The rule applied to kV to alter radiographic density is called __ rule

Back 5

15%

Front 6

A radiograph that is 100% dark as a result of excessive mAs should be repeated after multiplying the mAs by

Back 6

.5

Front 7

The rule applied to mAs to alter radiographic density is called the __ rule

Back 7

30%

Front 8

To change the SID but maintain the same density on a radiograph, use the

Back 8

density maintenance formula

Front 9

If your mAs is 20 and you change from 100 to 400 speed film/screen, what would your new mAs need to be to maintain the same density?

Back 9

.5 mAs (.25X20)

Front 10

T/F A pt with astenic body would require the highest exposure settings

Back 10

FALSE

Front 11

T/F Destructive pathology alters normal tissue and makes it harder to penetrate

Back 11

FALSE

Front 12

Which of the following is not true about the anode heel effect

Back 12

it is useful for small parts

Front 13

T/F When using compensating filters, you would put the thinner part of the filter over the thinner part of the anatomy

Back 13

FALSE

Front 14

T/F Two identical x-ray generators with identical exposure factors can produce varying results

Back 14

TRUE

Front 15

The __ law states that radiographic density produced with a particular mA and time setting can be reproduced using different mA and time setting as long as the mAs remains constant

Back 15

reciprocity

Front 16

Name three important film processing factors that affect film density

Back 16

developing time, chemical concentration, and temperature

Front 17

High contrast is also known as __ contrast

Back 17

short scale

Front 18

Which of the following is true about subject contrast?

Back 18

Refers to the anatomical part being radiographed, can be affected by pathology, is the result of differential absorption characteristics of tissue and the kV setting (all of the above)

Front 19

T/F Film contrast is an inherent characteristic of film that is determined by the manufacturer

Back 19

TRUE

Front 20

__ is the controlling factor for radiographic contrast

Back 20

kV

Front 21

T/F An increase in beam filtration will cause a decrease in radiographic contrast

Back 21

TRUE

Front 22

T/F An increase in OID will result in an increase in radiographic contrast

Back 22

TRUE

Front 23

The “true” anatomical image is called

Back 23

umbra

Front 24

Which of the following is true when referring to penumbra?

Back 24

It is geometric unsharpness and it is a loss of recorded detail (A&B only)

Front 25

Which of the following does not influence recorded detail?

Back 25

KV

Front 26

Penumbra is most pronounced when using which of the following?

Back 26

Large focal spot size, long OID, short SID (All of the above)

Front 27

T/F The FSS is determined by the size of the filament used

Back 27

TRUE

Front 28

When an x-ray exposure is made, the electrons in the electron cloud travel to the anode at a speed of __ miles per second

Back 28

93,000

Front 29

T/F The faster the screen/film speed, the greater the recorded detail

Back 29

FALSE

Front 30

T/F The shorter the SID , the more pronounced the penumbra

Back 30

TRUE

Front 31

T/F The shorter the OID, the more pronounced the penumbra

Back 31

FALSE

Front 32

Which of the following can cause motion unsharpness

Back 32

Involuntary motion, tube movement, cassette movement (All of the above)

Front 33

TO measure recorded detail, the radiographer must use the

Back 33

line-pair test

Front 34

Which of the following is a type of distortion seen on a radiograph?

Back 34

Single distortion and shape distortion (A&B)

Front 35

Distortion is most influenced by

Back 35

SID

Front 36

IF you have an SID of 40inches, and OID of 5 inches, what is the magnification factor?

Back 36

40-5=35 40/35= 1.14

Front 37

Image distortion can be caused by which of the following?

Back 37

Improper alignment of the x-ray tube, improper alignment of the part being radiographed, improper alignment of the film (all of the above)

Front 38

Penumbra is more pronounced with

Back 38

an increase in OID

Front 39

All of the flowing affect magnification except

Back 39

FSS

Front 40

All of the following are terms used to describe recorded detail except

Back 40

minification

Front 41

All of the flowing describe a type of distortion, except

Back 41

rectification

Front 42

A term used to describe penumbra is

Back 42

image blur

Front 43

Cardiac motion, peristalsis, spasm tremor and some respiration are types of __ motion

Back 43

involuntary

Front 44

T/F Shape distortion should always be avoided

Back 44

FALSE

Front 45

Which of the following combinations will produce the least magnified image?

Back 45

Long SID , short OID

Front 46

Which of the following can help eliminate motion unsharpness?

Back 46

Give the pt clear, concise instructions, immobilize the pt, and use a short exposure time (All of the above)

Front 47

All of the following produce motion unsharpness, except

Back 47

movement of electrons from cathode to anode during the exposure

Front 48

A grid that has lead strips situated parallel to the divergent x-ray beam is called a

Back 48

focused grid

Front 49

The main advantage of using a grid is

Back 49

improved contrast

Front 50

The main advantage of using a moving grid when compared to a stationary grid is

Back 50

the grid lines are blurred from the image

Front 51

An alternative method of reducing the amount of scatter reaching the image receptor is called the

Back 51

air gap technique

Front 52

Grid ratio describes the

Back 52

height of the lead strips to the interspace between them

Front 53

The SID range that can be used with negligible amounts of grid cutoff is called the

Back 53

focal range

Front 54

Which of the following grid ratios provide the best scatter cleanup?

Back 54

16:1

Front 55

Which of the following grid ratios present the most significant risk of grid cutoff?

Back 55

16:1

Front 56

T/F A grid reduces scatter production

Back 56

FALSE

Front 57

Canting refers to the

Back 57

angle of the grid strips

Front 58

Grid factor refers to

Back 58

the amount of change in exposure needed to maintain image density

Front 59

An upside down linear focused grid appears as

Back 59

a falloff in density only on the peripheral portions of the radiograph

Front 60

A grid that has two sets of linear lead strips superimposed and running perpendicular to each other is called a __ grid

Back 60

crossed

Front 61

All of the following will cause grid cutoff with linear focused grids, except

Back 61

angling the beam longitudinally with the long axis of the lead strips

Front 62

T/F Any tilt of linear gird will result in grid cutoff

Back 62

FALSE

Front 63

Grids are recommended when radiographing an anatomical part measuring greater than

Back 63

10cm

Front 64

Grids are recommended when

Back 64

high kV is used

Front 65

All of the following materials can be used to grid interspacing material, except

Back 65

lead

Front 66

Which of the following decreases the production of scatter

Back 66

thin pt

Front 67

Which of the following will most effectively reduce the amount of scatter reaching the IR?

Back 67

Large OID

Front 68

T/F The AEC allows the radiographer to consistently reproduce images having diagnostically acceptable density

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

Which of the following are benefits of an AEC unit?

Back 69

Decreases pt dosage & prolongs x-ray tube life (A&B only)

Front 70

The two types of AEC units are

Back 70

ionization chamber, phototimer

Front 71

There are usually __ ionization chambers in a unit:

Back 71

3

Front 72

The ionization chamber is made up of __ electrons separated by a thin layer of __ and covered by a thin layer of __

Back 72

2, air, aluminum (fill in the blank)

Front 73

The __ stores electricity which will discharge when enough electricity has been stored which in turn will terminate the exposure

Back 73

capacitor (fill in the blank)

Front 74

T/F Minimum response time is the time that is set by the radiographer when making a radiographic exposure

Back 74

FALSE

Front 75

Which does not affect exposure time?

Back 75

Film speed

Front 76

Backup timers should never allow the pt to be exposed to more than __ mAs.

Back 76

600

Front 77

T/F OID affects density when using AEC

Back 77

FALSE

Front 78

T/F Increasing kV & mA can shorten the minimum response time

Back 78

FALSE

Front 79

With which of the AEC units listed below des backscatter have the greatest impact on image quality?

Back 79

Phototimer type

Front 80

The purpose of the backup timer in an AED is to

Back 80

protect pt and protect x-ray tube (A&B)

Front 81

When using an AEC, each incremental density setting corresponds to a __% change in density

Back 81

25

Front 82

What are the 2 most important factors affecting film density when using AEC?

Back 82

Pt position and detector selection

Front 83

Activation of the backup timer is most often caused by

Back 83

radiographer

Front 84

The ionization chambers in an AED are located _______of the cassette

Back 84

in front

Front 85

All of the following are advantages of AEC except:

Back 85

eliminates need for proper positioning

Front 86

Insufficient collimation __ exposure time when using AEC

Back 86

increases

Front 87

Technique charts _____________.

Back 87

must be developed for each radiographic room in the imaging department, can be based on variable kV and fixed kV (All of the above)

Front 88

Good technique charts contain the following information:

Back 88

kV, mA, exposure time

Front 89

Anatomical parts must be measured at a point

Back 89

coinciding with the CR placement

Front 90

It takes a _% change in mAs to effect a noticeable change in radiographic density

Back 90

30

Front 91

Advantages of a fixed kV technique chart are

Back 91

part measured accuracy is less critical than with variable kV technique, because higher kV settings are used , most part thickness can be penetrated (A&B)

Front 92

The method used to develop a technique chart by relating one anatomical part to another is called

Back 92

comparative method

Front 93

In pediatric radiography

Back 93

always use the shortest practical exposure time to minimize motion unsharpness, always use the highest practical kV to reduce pt dose, and close collimation should be used to minimize pt dose and reduce scatter fog (All of the above)

Front 94

T/F mAs must be increased when decreasing the x-ray beam size because scatter radiation is reduced

Back 94

True

Front 95

IN cast radiography, for wet plaster cast

Back 95

add 15 kV or triple mAs

Front 96

When collimating the x-ray beam from a 14 X 17 inch to a 10X12 inch IR, the mAs should be increased by

Back 96

40%

Front 97

T/F mAs controls density whereas kV influences density.

Back 97

True

Front 98

mAs controls contrast

Back 98

false

Front 99

The base equipment needed to develop a technique chart includes all of the following except

Back 99

thermometer

Front 100

Name 2 types of technique charts (fill in the blank)

Back 100

fixed kV, and variable kV

Front 101

In a variable kV technique chart, every 1 cm increase in part thickness requires a _ kV increase

Back 101

2

Front 102

The smallest component of a digital image is the

Back 102

pixel

Front 103

The process by which a CR scanner determines the number and orientation of the radiographic views on a CR plate is called

Back 103

portioned pattern recognition

Front 104

The window width determines the image

Back 104

contrast

Front 105

The post-processing method that subtracts a mask image from the original is called

Back 105

energy subtraction

Front 106

All of the following are types of CR image artifacts except

Back 106

kernel

Front 107

The latent image in a CR plate is formed by the trapping of crystal electrons in lattice sites called

Back 107

F centers

Front 108

When compared to conventional radiographic film, the CR plates exhibit

Back 108

wider exposure latitude

Front 109

The measure of the efficiency of a CR system to convert remnant x-rays into useful image signals is called

Back 109

QDE

Front 110

The range of gray shades displayed by pixels is called the

Back 110

dynamic range

Front 111

The process of rescaling pixel values to optimize contrast is called

Back 111

contrast enhancement, contrast rescaling, tone scaling (all of the above)

Front 112

Fading, geometric distortion, and defocusing are problems associated with

Back 112

monitors

Front 113

CR can produce diagnostic images, even with overexposures of

Back 113

500%

Front 114

The presence of dark bands at the interfaces of structures that differ widely in density describes a/an

Back 114

halo artifact

Front 115

All of the following are types of archival media, except

Back 115

charge-coupled device (CCD)

Front 116

A typical image plate loses approximately _ of its stored energy within 8 hours after exposure

Back 116

25%

Front 117

The type of laser used in CR scanner is

Back 117

helium-neon

Front 118

The CR scanner contains a device that converts light energy to electrical energy called a

Back 118

photomultiplier tube

Front 119

A graph of signal values that corresponds to a spectrum of pixel values is a/an

Back 119

histogram

Front 120

In order to erase a CR plate, it must be exposed to high-intensity

Back 120

light

Front 121

Spatial resolution is limited to the

Back 121

matrix size and number of pixels (A&B)