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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What % of the population have at least one chronic illness?
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50%
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Factors associated with chronic diseases
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family history, martial status, economic status, body weight, exercise, alcohol, smoking, disposition, education, environment, sleep, temperature, health care
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Psychological issues in chronic disease...
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need for intermittent or permanent changes in physical, vocational, and social activities
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List emotional/cognitive responses to chronic illness
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1. anxiety
2. denial 3. depression |
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What is cancer?
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uncontrolled growth of abnormal calls which often form a tumour
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Most common types of cancer?
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lung, breast, prostate, colorectal
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What are the lifetime probabilities of cancer for both men and women?
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M = 40%
W = 36% |
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What are the 4 types of cancers?
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1. Carcinomas
2. Lymphomas 3. Sarcomas 4. Leukemias |
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Carcinomas =
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malignant neoplasms of the skin and organ cells
85% of all cancers |
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Lymphomas =
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cancer of the lymphatic system
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Sarcomas =
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malignant neoplasm of the muscle, bone or connective tissue
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Leukemias =
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cancers of the blood
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Metastasis =
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migration of cancer cells to other parts of the body
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Metastases =
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new neoplasm formed after metastasis
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Effects of cancer/tumour growth
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1. interferes with normal cell development
2. produces pain as it creates pressure on the tissues and nerves 3. blocks flow of fluids |
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How does cancer cause death?
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Direct - spreading to vital organs causing organ failure
Indirect - weakening patient, impairing appetite and immune function |
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Does genetics appear to play a role in cancers?
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Yes!
Ex. breast, colon, prostate, ovarian |
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Do environmental factors play a role in cancer development?
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Yes!
Ex. diet, lifestyle choices |
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List environmental factors that increase cancer risk
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smoking, diet, radiation, chemicals, HPV
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Do age and gender play a role?
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Yes!
Incidence quadruples between 40-80yrs |
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C.A.U.T.I.O.N =
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C = change in bowel or bladder habits
A = sore that does not heal U = unusual bleeding or discharge T = thickening or lump in the breast I = indigestion or difficulty swallowing O = obvious change in wart or mole N = nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Cancer treatment options:
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surgery
(lumpectomy instead of mastectomy) |
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Suffering among cancer patients (3)
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1. physical
2. psychological 3. social |
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Consequences of depression
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poorer quality of life, reduced compliance, longer hospital stays, higher mortality rates, greater reported pain
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Intrusive memories =
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unwanted thoughts related to memories of cancer
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What are the coping styles of cancer patients?
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Emotion-focused coping: avoidance
Problem-focused coping: action |
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Types of social support:
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1. help-intended communication
2. support groups 3. posttraumatic growth |
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Useful method for pain management?
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Psychotherapy
--> problem-focused coping approach |
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What is diabetes?
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Pancreas produces too little insulin (hormone that permits glucose to enter the cells)
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Describe Type I Diabetes and Type II Diabetes
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Type I Diabetes: "insulin dependent" - 10% of cases
Type II diabetes: insulin insufficiently produced - 90% of cases |
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Gestational Diabetes
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temporary condition
affects 2%-4% of pregnant women |
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Diabetes: Warning Signs
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very frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, unexplained large weight loss, chronically tired, blurry vision, wounds heal slowly
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Diabetes: medical treatment:
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insulin injections, blood glucose monitoring, diet, exercising, stress management
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Diabetes: health implications:
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1. thickening of the arteries
2. high rates of CHD 3. kidney failure 4. nervous system damage 5. blindness |
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Adherence to diabetic regimen: good or bad?
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Bad!
High %: 1. unhygienic injections 2. wrong dosage 3. interpretation of glucose levels 4. do not eat regularly |
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Adolescents are more prone to Type I or II diabetes?
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Type I Diabetes
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T or F: Depression is twice as common among diabetics than non-diabetics?
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True!
Depression and blood sugar linked bidirectionally |
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Coronary heart disease accounts for __% death?
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40%
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Atherosclerosis =
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narrowing or blocking of the coronary arteries
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Angina Pectoris =
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painful cramp in chest due to blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart
causes: exercise, stress, cold, high fat meals |
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Myocardial infarction (heart attack) =
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prolonged blockage of blood to an area of the heart resulting in muscle tissue damage
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CHD: Risk factors
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age, gender, genetics
stress, diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol use |
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Who is more likely to die from a heart attack?
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Women over the age of 50
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Is Type A behavior pattern a risk factor for CHD?
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Yes!
aggressive and hostile behavior--> implicated with CHD |
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Cynical hostility =
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lethal type of hostility
anger, difficulty accepting social support, antagonism |
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Negative emotions and risk factors? Yes or No? Example?
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Yes
Ex. Depression, Hopelesness, Anxiety |
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Why are women "protected" from CHD at a younger age?
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1. higher levels of HDL premenopausal
2. estrogen diminishes sympathetic nervous arousal |
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Who is likely to delay seeking medical help while experiencing a heart attack?
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1. older patients
2. those with a history of angina or diabetes |
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Rehabilitation of CHD includes:
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exercise, weight management, smoking cessation, BP management, reduce alcohol, stress management
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Key component to Cardiac rehabilitation?
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Exercise!
But 50% drop-out rate within first 6 months |
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Key component to Cardiac rehabilitation?
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Exercise!
But 50% drop-out rate within first 6 months |
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Cardiac invalidism =
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fear of future attacks --> limit activity more than is necessary
- negatively impacts quality of life - sedentary lifestyle |
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Coping with cardiovascular disease
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1. support from social network
2. rehabilitation programs 3. psychotherapy 4. antidepressants |
