Ileap World History Review

Front 1

history

Back 1

the study of the past

Front 2

culture

Back 2

he knowledge, beliefs, customs, and values of a group of people

Front 3

archaeology

Back 3

the study of the past based on what people left behind

Front 4

fossil

Back 4

a part or imprint of something that was once alive

Front 5

artifact

Back 5

an object created and used by humans

Front 6

primary source

Back 6

an account of an event by someone who took part in or witnessed the event

Front 7

secondary source

Back 7

information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event

Front 8

geography

Back 8

the study of Earth’s physical and cultural features

Front 9

landforms

Back 9

the natural features of the land’s surface

Front 10

climate

Back 10

he average weather conditions in a certain area over a long period of time

Front 11

environment

Back 11

all the living and nonliving things that affect life in an area

Front 12

region

Back 12

an area with one or more features that make it different from surrounding areas

Front 13

resources

Back 13

the materials found on Earth that people need and value

Front 14

Fertile Crescent

Back 14

an area of rich farmland in Southwest Asia where the first civilizations began

Front 15

silt

Back 15

a mixture of fertile soil and tiny rocks that can make land ideal for farming

Front 16

irrigation

Back 16

a way of supplying water to an area of land

Front 17

canal

Back 17

a human-made waterway

Front 18

surplus

Back 18

more of something than is needed

Front 19

division of labor

Back 19

an arrangement in which each worker specializes in a particular task or job

Front 20

rural

Back 20

a countryside area

Front 21

urban

Back 21

a city area

Front 22

city-state

Back 22

a political unit consisting of a city and its surrounding countryside

Front 23

Gilgamesh

Back 23

King of Uruk, a citystate in Sumer, he became a legendary figure in Sumerian literature.

Front 24

Sargon

Back 24

King of Akkad, a land north of Sumer, he built the world’s first empire after defeating Sumer and northern Mesopotamia.

Front 25

empire

Back 25

land with different territories and peoples under a single rule

Front 26

polytheism

Back 26

the worship of many gods

Front 27

priest

Back 27

a person who performs religious ceremonies

Front 28

social hierarchy

Back 28

the division of society by rank or class

Front 29

cuneiform

Back 29

the world’s first system of writing; developed in Sumer

Front 30

pictograph

Back 30

a picture symbol

Front 31

scribe

Back 31

a writer

Front 32

epics

Back 32

long poems that tell the stories of heroes

Front 33

architecture

Back 33

the science of building

Front 34

ziggurat

Back 34

a pyramid-shaped temple in Sumer

Front 35

monarch

Back 35

a ruler of a kingdom or empire

Front 36

chariot

Back 36

a wheeled, horse-drawn cart used in battle

Front 37

Nebuchadnezzar

Back 37

Chaldean king, he rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city, which featured the famed Hanging Gardens.

Front 38

alphabet

Back 38

a set of letters that can be combined to form words

Front 39

Hammurabi's Code

Back 39

was a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost evert part of daily life.

Front 40

cataracts

Back 40

rapids along a river, such as those along the Nile in Egypt

Front 41

delta

Back 41

a triangle-shaped area of land made from soil deposited by a river

Front 42

Menes

Back 42

Legendary Egyptian ruler, he unified the kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt and built the new capital city of Memphis.

Front 43

pharaoh

Back 43

the title used by the rulers of Egypt

Front 44

dynasty

Back 44

a series of rulers from the same family

Front 45

Old Kingdom

Back 45

he period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified

Front 46

Khufu

Back 46

Egyptian pharaoh, he ruled during Egypt’s Old Kingdom and is known for the many monuments built to honor him.

Front 47

noble

Back 47

a rich and powerful person

Front 48

afterlife

Back 48

life after death, much of Egyptian religion focused on the afterlife

Front 49

mummy

Back 49

a specially treated body wrapped in cloth for preservation

Front 50

elite

Back 50

people of wealth and power

Front 51

pyramid

Back 51

a huge triangular tomb built by the Egyptians and other peoples

Front 52

engineering

Back 52

the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Front 53

Middle Kingdom

Back 53

the period of Egyptian history from about 2050 to 1750 BC and marked by order and stability

Front 54

New Kingdom

Back 54

the period from about 1550 to 1050 BC in Egyptian history when Egypt reached the height of its power and glory

Front 55

trade route

Back 55

a path followed by traders

Front 56

Queen Hatshepsut

Back 56

Egyptian queen, she worked to increase trade with places outside of Egypt and ordered many impressive monuments and temples built during her reign.

Front 57

Ramses the Great

Back 57

Egyptian pharaoh, he expanded the kingdom and built lasting temples at Karnak, Luxor, and Abu Simbel. Ramses the Great is often considered one of Egypt’s greatest rulers.

Front 58

hieroglyphics

Back 58

the ancient Egyptian writing system that used picture symbols

Front 59

papyrus

Back 59

a long-lasting, paper like material made from reeds that the ancient Egyptians used to write on

Front 60

Rosetta Stone

Back 60

a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing

Front 61

sphinx

Back 61

an imaginary creature with a human head and the body of a lion that was often shown on Egyptian statues

Front 62

obelisk

Back 62

a tall, pointed, four-sided pillar in ancient Egypt

Front 63

King Tutankhamen

Back 63

Egyptian pharaoh, he died while still a young king. The discovery of his tomb in 1922 has taught archaeologists much about Egyptian culture.